Employment Welfare Reforms in SwedenWord格式文档下载.docx
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Employment Welfare Reforms in SwedenWord格式文档下载.docx
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Inthispaper,IshalllookatSwedenasarepresentativesocialdemocraticcountryandmorespecificallyaboutchangesinmanagementofemploymentreform.Bylookingatchangingpoliciesconcerningunemploymentandemploymentreforms,IwillshowhowSwedenhasembracedamarketeconomyofwelfare.
2.ResearchQuestions
Q1:
HasSwedenexperiencedthechangeintothemixedeconomyofwelfareintermofemploymentpolicy?
Q2:
WhattypeofshiftofeconomicriskandresponsibilityistakingplaceinSweden?
3.MethodologicalConsiderations
Iwillemploythediscourseanalysisinthisstudy.Themainmaterialanalyzedisa128-pageofficialreport,'
TheSwedishReformProgrammeforGrowthandJobs2008to2010'
publishedongovernmentwebsite.Mostcitesregardingspecificpublicpoliciesarefromthereportasitismorereliableandclarified.Othersecond-handresourcesarefromresearchpaperspertainingtoSwedishemploymentpolicies.InHacker'
sbook,ittellsmanystoriesaboutdesperateAmericanfamiliesandindividualsshowingthegreatshiftofsocialrisk,whichgivesasplendidpictureofthenewsocietyofinsecurity.Itwouldbemorereliableiftheinterviewswereusedinthisstudy.However,thefirst-handresourcecannotbeobtainedforlackoftimeandpersonalabilitiesaswell.
Seeleibsuggestsathree-dimensionalaccountwhichisfinancing(spendingandtaxation),provisionandregulation,toexamineshiftsbetweenthepublicandprivatedependingonthevariousmodesofsocialpolicyinterventions(Seeleib:
10).IwilltrytoanalyzethechangesinemploymentpolicyinSwedeninthelightofthree-dimensionalframetoseeiftherearepolicyinterventionsfromprovision,regulationandfinancingresultinginthemixedeconomyofwelfarestate.
4.OverviewofPreviousResearch
TheCaseofLondon
Thereisasimilarcaseofanofficialplanforincreasingemploymentrateinaffluentcountry,whichisthePlanforGrowthofLondon(citedfromthecourseliteratures,August,2010).IthasbeenachallengetoLondonthatalargequantityofpeopleisstillunemployedwhiletheeconomyofthecityisincreasinglyflourishing.Oneinthreeworking-ageLondonersisout-of-work.Morethan600,000Londonershavenoqualificationsandoneinfivelacksbasicskillsofliteracyandnumeracy.ThegovernmenthassetoutthejointactionsaimingtoimprovethelabormarketinLondonandtoensurethedisadvantagedLondonerstogainsupportfromthegovernment.Theambitionsfor2014istoclosethegapinemploymentbetweenLondonandUKto2percentpoint,toreducethegapinemploymentfordisadvantagedpeopleinLondon,andtoincreasethepopulationofLondonerswithqualificationto92.4percent.
Toachievethetargets,thewelfarereformisneeded,whichincludestheinnovativefundingmechanismusedtofundsupport.Itwillsavethemoneyoftaxpayersintheclimateofpublicspendingcuts.Aserioussingleprogramwhichledbygovernmentandcooperatedwithvariouspartnersprovidedtrainingsandapprenticeships.Itcanbeseentheincreaseofthemorecooperatesocialresponsibilities.
ThecaseofUKReforms
SeeleibanalysesthewelfarereforminUKassociatedwiththechangingpublicandprivatemix(Seeleib:
17).ItisarticulatedthatrecentdecadesofreformsinUKhaswitnessedincreaseofregulationfromgovernmentinmanyareasincludingemploymentpolices(ibid:
28).Therehasbeenagreatstresson'
activation'
whichcanbeseenintermsof'
re-commodification'
.Thegovernmentshaveemphasizedincreasingemploymentthroughthecarrotsandsticksof'
activelabormarketpolicy'
(ibid:
27).Thereisagreateremphasisonpaidwork,activationandconditionalityandagreaterreadinesstoblurtheboundariesbetweenmarketandstate(ibid30).
TheCaseofDenmark
NowthatthispaperwillbeontheemploymentpolicyreforminSweden,IshallreviewthecaseinDenmarktoseewhatthewelfarereformhastakenplaceindemocraticcountries.Denmarkisoftenlistedamongthecountrieswiththemostsevereretrenchmentinthediscussionaboutwelfarestatechange(KorpiandPalme,citedfromSeelaib:
33).Inthefieldofunemploymentandlabormarketpolicy,however,thedirectionofchangescouldnotbedescribedas'
retrenchment'
.Thedurationandcompensationratehavebeencutandastrongemphasisonsecurityhasbeenreplacedbyanemphasisoninclusionthroughwork.Yet,thereplacementrateremainsgenerousforlowincomegroups(Seeleib:
41).Althoughtherehasbeenasilentreforminthefinancingoftheunemploymentbenefitsystemwhichisonsomewhatmoreliberaldirection,mostinstitutionalchangeshavebeenaccordancewithsocialdemocratictraditionssuchastheactivationpolicywhichhasbroughtmorepeoplebacktowork.Therehavebeensubstantialmodificationsinthedivisionoflaborbetweenthestateandthesocialpartners,andbetweenthestateandthemarketinprovisionofwelfare.Theoverridingchangeistheeffortstobringthewelfarestatetoactmoreinconformitywiththemarket(Seeleib:
54).
5.RiskandResponsibilityinLaborMarket
Themoreriskysociety
Thehighlevelofemploymentisthepreconditionsforwelfarebothforindividualsandforsocietyasawhole.ThelaborforceparticipationandemploymentratesinSwedenareonhighlevelscomparedtootherEuropeancountries(Lindquist,2007).TheoverallobjectiveoflabormarketpolicyinSwedenistocontributetoawell-functioninglabormarket,toincreaseemploymentandtoreducesocialexclusion.The'
workprinciple'
hasinfluencedSwedishpolicyformanyyearsandthebasicelementinthelabormarketpolicyis'
(ibid).TheSwedishlabormarketpolicieshaveaclearfocusonmatchingemployersandpotentialemployees,andofferingresourcesforthosewhoaremostdetachedfromthelabormarket(July,2009).
Economicgrowth,dynamiclabormarketsandastablefinancialframeworkhavebeenSwedishfundamentaleconomicpillarssincethelate1990s(Sven,2010).However,theoutlookfortheworldeconomyhasworsenedwiththegrowingunrestofinternationalfinancialmarketrecently.TheweakergrowthelsewhereintheworldhasaffectedSweden,whichisasmallcountrydependentontrade(October,2008).TheSwedisheconomyishighlyintegratedintoEuropeanmarketsandhighlydependentonforeigndemandformanufacturesandcommodities.Consequently,theSwedishmanufacturingindustrywasaffectedmostsharply,whichimmediatelycausedincreasingnumbersoflayoffs.Thedeeprecessionhasledtounemploymentratedecreasefromitspeakof9.3percentin1994to6.1percentin2008(Sven,2010).
Thegovernment,atthattime,hadtobeputinthestrongpositioninitsworktodevelopcrisismanagementpolicytoincreaseemploymentandatthesametimerespondtotheweakereconomicdevelopment.Lastdecadehaswitnessedaseriesofreformsandrestructuringofthelabormarketpolicyaimistomakeeffectivemeasurestoactivatepeoplewho,forvariousdifferentreasons,havebeenawayfromthelabormarketorhavelosttheirjobstogetbackintoworkquickly(July,2009).TheGovernmenthastakenanumberofmeasurestoreduceincorrectpaymentsinthesocialinsurancesystem.In2007,thegovernmentreformedthenationalunemploymentinsurance.Asaresult,employees'
contributionsroseandunemploymentbenefitsdecreased(Sven,2010).Inaddition,changeshavebeenimplementedintighterrulesandclearerregulatoryframeworksforwhenandhowcompensationistobegivenintheeventofunemployment(October,2008).SwedenusestheGhentsystem,underwhichasignificantproportionofunemploymentbenefitsaredistributedbythestate.Thereductionoffinanceonunemployedleadstotheincreaseofindividualrisk.Peopledonotbenefitfromtheunemploymentinsuranceasmuchasbefore,whichmeansthelivingstandardwillgodownwhentheindividuallosesjob.Hence,Swedesarefacedwitheconomicriskthaneverbefore.
Individual'
sresponsibility
Individualsbearmoreresponsibilities,indeed,intheemploymentpolicyof'
.Accordingtothebasicofpolicy-making(July,2009),thelabormarketpolicyismadetoensureeveryonewhowantstoandcanworkhaveanopportunitytodosobasedontheirownindividualcircumstances.On2July2007,thejobanddevelopmentguaranteewasintroduced.Theaimoftheguaranteeistoofferpeoplewhohavebeenunemployedforalongtimeindividuallydesignedmeasurestoenablethemtofindworkasquicklyaspossible.Activitiesinthejobanddevelopmentguaranteearedividedintothreephases(October,2008).Theemployedmustbeengagedineachphraseactivelyandpositively.
Thereisalsoactivationprogramsdesignedforyoungpeople.TheprogramintroducedinDecember2007firstoffersyoungpeopleadetailedskillsassessment,studyandvocationalguidance,andjob-seekingactivitieswithcoaching.Afteranintroductoryperiod,matchingmeasurescanbereinforcedwithmeasuressuchaspracticalworkexperienceorshortertrainingprograms(ibid.).Inaddition,thecentralgovern
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