applications in process or product innovation Typically assigned problems that require both fundame文档格式.docx
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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences
Abstract
TheFinnishHealthyHoovesProjectwassetuptodeterminethefrequencyof,andriskfactorsfor,varioushooflesionsinFinnishdairyherds.Datawerecollectedin2003and2004.Alargedatasetof>
74,000cow-levelobservationsrecordedbyhoof-trimmersweremergedwithproductiondatafromtheFinnishAgriculturalDataProcessingCentreLtd.Ultimately,datafromasinglelactationfromeachof16,727cowsin703herdswereusedforanalysesofwhite-linedisease(WLD)andhaemorrhages-lesions.Three-levelhierarchicallogisticmodelswithhoof-trimmerandfarms(withinhoof-trimmer)asrandom-effectswerefittodatasetsoftie-stall(TS)andloose-housing(LH)herdsseparately.
CowsexaminedoncehadaWLDriskof4.8%inTSherdsand17%inLHherds.Asthenumberofexaminationsincreased,theoddsofaWLDdiagnosisincreasedsubstantially;
(2and3+examinationshadoddsratios(ORs)of2.57and3.40inTSherdsand2.32and4.67inLHherds,respectively,comparedto1examination).ParityhadaninteractionwithbreedinallmodelsinTSandintheLHhaemorrhagesmodel,butnotinWLDLHmodels.InTSherds,olderHolsteincowshadaveryhighriskofWLDcomparedtoyoungAyrshirecows(OR
=
7.92).AlsoinLHherdsbothbreedandparityhadassociationwithWLD(Holsteincowswere1.57timesmorelikelythanAyrshirecowsandcowsinparity≥4weremorelikely(OR
2.89)thanparity1togetWLD).
InTSherds,otherhooflesions–suchashaemorrhages(OR
1.65),heel-hornerosions(OR
1.77),andcorkscrewclaw(OR
1.82)–increasedtheriskofWLD.InLHherds,corkscrewclaw(OR
1.59)andheel-hornerosion(OR
0.72)hadasignificantassociationwithWLD.InTSherds,useofmats(comparedtohardflooring)significantlyreducedtheriskofWLDandhaemorrhages(OR
0.57andOR
0.80,respectively).
Nosignificantassociationsofthe305-daymilkproductionontheriskofeitherdiseasewereobservedineitherTSorLHherds(305-daymilkyieldfromeachcows’previouslactationwereusedforcalculations,withherdaverageyieldandtheindividualcow'
sdeviationfromtheherdaveragebeingusedaspredictors).
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Materialsandmethods
2.1.Dataanalysis
3.Results
3.1.Unconditionalassociations
3.2.Lactationalrisks
3.3.Varianceestimatesandmodelfitting
3.4.Associationsofmilkproduction
3.5.Riskfactors—inTSandLHherds
3.6.AssociationofbreedandparitywithWLD
3.7.Associationofbreedandparitywithhaemorrhages
3.8.Trimmingseason
4.Discussion
4.1.Data
4.2.Lactationalrisk
4.3.Parityandbreed
4.4.Typeofloose-housing
4.5.Mats
4.6.Otherhooflesions
4.7.Milkyield
4.8.Smallerornoassociationoffeedingsystem,herdsizeandparturitionyear
5.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Purchase
$31.50
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ResultsofCMMstandalonetestsatDTP2
FusionEngineeringandDesign,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline8March2011
HannuSaarinen,T.Kivelä
L.Zhai,V.Hä
mä
lä
inen,J.Karjalainen,L.Aha,L.Heikkilä
H.Mä
kinen,J.Jä
rvepä
ä
S.Kiviranta,B.Krassi,M.Viinikainen,M.Siuko,J.Mattila,S.Esqué
L.Semeraro
Afullscalephysicaltestfacility,DTP2(DivertorTestPlatform2)hasbeenestablishedinFinlandfordemonstratingandrefiningtheRemoteHandling(RH)equipmentdesignsforITER.ThefirstprototypeRHequipmentatDTP2istheCassetteMultifunctionalMover(CMM)equippedwiththeSecondCassetteEndEffector(SCEE)deliveredtoDTP2inOctober2008.ThepurposeistoprovethatCMM/SCEEprototypecanbeusedsuccessfullyforthe2ndcassetteRHoperations.AttheendofF4Egrant“DTP2testfacilityoperationandupgradepreparation”,theRHoperationsofthe2ndcassetteweresuccessfullydemonstratedtotherepresentativesofFusionforEnergy(F4E).
DuringthegranttheHighLevelControl(HLC)softwaredevelopedatDTP2wasintegratedwiththeCMM/SCEEhardware.TheperformancecriteriaoftheCMM/SCEEequipmentweredefinedbasedonthe‘ENISO9283Manipulatingindustrialrobots–Performancecriteriaandrelatedtestmethods’standard.Considerableimprovementtotheperformancewasachievedwiththeaidofcompensationfunctions,whichtookintoaccountthedeflectionsandthecomplianceeffectscausedbytheDivertorCassetteweighting9000
kg.Accordingtomeasurementsthepositioningerroratthefurthestpointofthecassettewasreducedfrom80
mmto5
mm.
Sofarthe2ndcassettemock-uphasbeeninstalledandremovedalreadysometensoftimes.ThereliabilityoftheHLCsoftwareissufficienttooperatetheCMM/SCEEalldaywithoutinterruptions.AlsotheexecutionoftheautomaticRHprocesseswiththeoverallRHsystemisreliableandrepeatableintermsofaccuracyandcycletime.
TheseexperimentsprovideasolidbasisforinvestigatingtheRHsystemabilitytoperformfail-safeoperationsinvariousfailurescenariosandtorecoverfromthem.ThetargetofthecontinuingR&
Distofindoutamorecompletesetoffunctionalandnon-functionalrequirementsfortheRHsystemforDivertorCassettemaintenancetoensureanadequatelevelofrequirementsandproceduresforITER.
2.ContentofCMMstandalonetests
3.ResultsandconclusionsoftheCMMstandalonetests
3.1.Cassetteoperations
3.1.1.Automaticremoteoperations
3.1.2.Manualremoteoperations
3.2.Cycletimesforthe2ndcassetteoperations
3.3.ControllabilityoftheCMM/SCEE
3.4.Calibrationandloadcompensation
3.5.PerformancecriteriaoftheCMM/SCEE
3.6.Software
AppendixA.PerformanceoftheCMM/SCEE
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Malawi
InternationalEncyclopediaofEducation,2010,Pages666-672
F.R.Mkandawire,D.Mulera
AbstractAbstract|ReferencesReferences
EducationinMalawiisgovernedbytheEducationActof1962.Anewactisintheprocessofpreparation.TheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandTechnology(MOEST)ismandatedtoensuretheprovisionofprimary,secondary,andteachereducationandprovisionoftechnicalandvocationaleducation.Thegovernmentthroughannualfinancialsubventionsprovidesforuniversityandpolytechniceducation.TheMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopmentisresponsibleforpre-primaryeducationandtheadultliteracyprogram.Theprivatesectoriscurrentlyactiveintheprovisionofpre-primary,primary,secondary,anduniversityeducation.
Theformaleducationsectorisstructuredonthetraditionalpyramidallinesofprimary,secondary,tertiary,andhighereducation.Over48%ofthepopulationisunder15yearsofageandthissetsthecontextforthedauntingchallengestothesystem.Currently,over80%oftherelevantagecohortareenrolledatprimarylevel,17%atsecondary,andlessthan1%attertiaryandhighereducation.
Upuntiltheearly1990s,educationinMalawiexpandedslowly.GivenMalawi’sstrongmissionarytradition,thechurchesplayedamajorrole.Alllevelsofeducationwerefeepayingbuttherewasaheavysubsidyschemeforsecondaryandhigherlevels.Thismeantineffectthatthegovernmentsofthatera(colonialandlaternational)supportedahighlyelitisteducationsystem.
Sincethenewpoliticaldispensationin1994,therehasbeenanoticeableincreaseinpublicattentiontoeducation.Freeprimaryeducationwasintroduced,increasedaccesswasprovidedforsecondaryeducation,amoredynamicapproachhasbeentakenontechnicalandvocationaleducation,andanewuniversityhasbeenestablishedintheNorthernRegion(Mzuzu).Currently,anewUniversityofScienceandTechnologyisonthedrawingboard.Expenditureoneducationhasalsodramaticallyincreased,althoughmuchofthishasgoneintosalaries(additionalteachersatprimarylevel)withoutcorrespondinginvestmentinqualitativeinputs.
Malawi’seducationalpoliciesarearticulatedinthePolicyInvestmentFramework(MOEST,1995,1998)andtheNationalEducationSectorPlan(MOEST,2008).TheoverallobjectivesoftheMOESTare:
●toprovidefreeprimaryeducationforallchildrenofschool-goingage;
●toensuretheprovisionofsecondaryeducationforatleast30%ofthesecondaryagegroup;
and●toprovideaccesstotertiaryeducationtothosewhoqualify.
Theeducationsectorismanagedthroughcentral,divisional(6),anddistrict(38)structures.Primaryschoolsarefurtherorganizedthroughazonalsystem(315zones)witheachzoneservedbyaTeachers’DevelopmentCentre.Asimilarclustersystemhasbeendevelopedforthesecondarysubsectorwith74clusters.
•
GeneralBackground
EducationPoliciesandReforms
StructureandOperationoftheEducationSystem
ScopeofBasicEducation
EarlyChildhoodCareandEducation
Primary(Elementary)andSecondaryEducation
SecondaryEducation
AccessandEquityinSecondaryEducation
QualityofSecondaryEducation
TechnicalandVocationalEducation
DistanceandContinuingEducation
SpecialEducation
NonformalEducat
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