完成时 讲解.docx
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完成时 讲解.docx
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完成时讲解
轻松阅读、学语法:
PresentPerfect(现在完成时态)
PresentPerfect
[has/have+pastparticiple]
Examples:
∙ Youhaveseenthatmoviemanytimes.
∙ Haveyouseenthatmoviemanytimes?
∙ Youhavenotseenthatmoviemanytimes.
CompleteListofPresentPerfectForms
USE1UnspecifiedTimeBeforeNow
WeusethePresentPerfecttosaythatanactionhappenedatanunspecifiedtimebeforenow.
beforenow以前
Theexacttimeisnotimportant.YouCANNOTusethePresentPerfectwithspecifictimeexpressionssuchas:
yesterday,oneyearago,lastweek,whenIwasachild,whenIlivedinJapan,atthatmoment,thatday,oneday,etc.
WeCANusethePresentPerfectwithunspecificexpressionssuchas:
ever,never,once,manytimes,severaltimes,before,sofar,already,yet,etc.
Examples:
∙ Ihaveseenthatmovietwentytimes.
∙ IthinkIhavemethimoncebefore.
∙ TherehavebeenmanyearthquakesinCalifornia.
∙ PeoplehavetraveledtotheMoon.
∙ PeoplehavenottraveledtoMars.
∙ Haveyoureadthebookyet?
∙ Nobodyhaseverclimbedthatmountain.
∙ A:
HasthereeverbeenawarintheUnitedStates?
B:
Yes,therehasbeenawarintheUnitedStates.
HowDoYouActuallyUsethePresentPerfect?
Theconceptof"unspecifiedtime"canbeveryconfusingtoEnglishlearners.ItisbesttoassociatePresentPerfectwiththefollowingtopics:
TOPIC1Experience
YoucanusethePresentPerfecttodescribeyourexperience.Itislikesaying,"Ihavetheexperienceof..."Youcanalsousethistensetosaythatyouhaveneverhadacertainexperience.ThePresentPerfectisNOTusedtodescribeaspecificevent.
Examples:
∙ IhavebeentoFrance.
ThissentencemeansthatyouhavehadtheexperienceofbeinginFrance.Maybeyouhavebeenthereonce,orseveraltimes.
∙ IhavebeentoFrancethreetimes.
Youcanaddthenumberoftimesattheendofthesentence.
∙ IhaveneverbeentoFrance.
∙ ThissentencemeansthatyouhavenothadtheexperienceofgoingtoFrance.
∙ IthinkIhaveseenthatmoviebefore.
∙ Hehasnevertraveledbytrain.
∙ Joanhasstudiedtwoforeignlanguages.
∙ A:
Haveyouevermethim?
B:
No,Ihavenotmethim.
TOPIC2ChangeOverTime
WeoftenusethePresentPerfecttotalkaboutchangethathashappenedoveraperiodoftime.
Examples:
∙ YouhavegrownsincethelasttimeIsawyou.
∙ Thegovernmenthasbecomemoreinterestedinartseducation.interestin对...有兴趣
∙ JapanesehasbecomeoneofthemostpopularcoursesattheuniversitysincetheAsianstudiesprogramwasestablished.
∙ MyEnglishhasreallyimprovedsinceImovedtoAustralia.
TOPIC3Accomplishments
accomplishment[E5kCmpliFmEnt]n.成就,完成,技艺(ac+com+plish+ment)
accomplish[E5kCmpliF]vt.完成,达到,实现(ac+com+pl+ish)
ac-=ad-见于拉丁词源的字,表示“向...”之义,用在以c开头的词根前
complish源自complir[完成]
WeoftenusethePresentPerfecttolisttheaccomplishmentsofindividualsandhumanity.Youcannotmentionaspecifictime.
Examples:
∙ ManhaswalkedontheMoon.
∙ Oursonhaslearnedhowtoread.
∙ Doctorshavecuredmanydeadlydiseases.
deadly[5dedli]adj.致命的(dead+ly)
∙ Scientistshavesplittheatom.
TOPIC4AnUncompletedActionYouAreExpecting
WeoftenusethePresentPerfecttosaythatanactionwhichweexpectedhasnothappened.UsingthePresentPerfectsuggeststhatwearestillwaitingfortheactiontohappen.
Examples:
∙ Jameshasnotfinishedhishomeworkyet.
∙ Susanhasn'tmasteredJapanese,butshecancommunicate.
∙ Billhasstillnotarrived.
∙ Therainhasn'tstopped.
TOPIC5MultipleActionsatDifferentTimes
WealsousethePresentPerfecttotalkaboutseveraldifferentactionswhichhaveoccurredinthepastatdifferenttimes.PresentPerfectsuggeststheprocessisnotcompleteandmoreactionsarepossible.
Examples:
∙ Thearmyhasattackedthatcityfivetimes.
∙ Ihavehadfourquizzesandfivetestssofarthissemester.
∙ Wehavehadmanymajorproblemswhileworkingonthisproject.
∙ Shehastalkedtoseveralspecialistsaboutherproblem,butnobodyknowswhysheissick.
TimeExpressionswithPresentPerfect
WhenweusethePresentPerfectitmeansthatsomethinghashappenedatsomepointinourlivesbeforenow.Remember,theexacttimetheactionhappenedisnotimportant.
Sometimes,wewanttolimitthetimewearelookinginforanexperience.
Wecandothiswithexpressionssuchas:
inthelastweek,inthelastyear,thisweek,thismonth,sofar,uptonow,etc.
Examples:
∙ HaveyoubeentoMexicointhelastyear?
∙ Ihaveseenthatmoviesixtimesinthelastmonth.
∙ Theyhavehadthreetestsinthelastweek.
∙ Shegraduatedfromuniversitylessthanthreeyearsago.Shehasworkedforthreedifferentcompaniessofar.
∙ Mycarhasbrokendownthreetimesthisweek.
breakdownv.毁掉,制服,压倒,停顿,倒塌,中止,垮掉,分解
建议大家多听听《handinhand》并重点注意这几句:
wecanmakethisworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive
handinhandwecanstarttoundrestand
breakingdownthewallsthatcomebetweenusforalltime
NOTICE
"Lastyear"and"inthelastyear"areverydifferentinmeaning.
"Lastyear"meanstheyearbeforenow,anditisconsideredaspecifictimewhichrequiresSimplePast.
"Inthelastyear"meansfrom365daysagountilnow.Itisnotconsideredaspecifictime,soitrequiresPresentPerfect.
Examples:
∙ IwenttoMexicolastyear.
IwenttoMexicointhecalendaryearbeforethisone.
∙ IhavebeentoMexicointhelastyear.
IhavebeentoMexicoatleastonceatsomepointbetween365daysagoandnow.
USE2DurationFromthePastUntilNow(Non-ContinuousVerbs)
duration[djuE5reiFEn]n.持续时间,为期
WithNon-ContinuousVerbsandnon-continuoususesofMixedVerbs,weusethePresentPerfecttoshowthatsomethingstartedinthepastandhascontinuedupuntilnow."Forfiveminutes,""fortwoweeks,"and"sinceTuesday"arealldurationswhichcanbeusedwiththePresentPerfect.
Examples:
∙ Ihavehadacoldfortwoweeks.
∙ ShehasbeeninEnglandforsixmonths.
∙ Maryhaslovedchocolatesinceshewasalittlegirl.
AlthoughtheaboveuseofPresentPerfectisnormallylimitedtoNon-ContinuousVerbsandnon-continuoususesofMixedVerbs,thewords"live,""work,""teach,"and"study"aresometimesusedinthiswayeventhoughtheyareNOTNon-ContinuousVerbs.
ADVERBPLACEMENT
Theexamplesbelowshowtheplacementforgrammaradverbssuchas:
always,only,never,ever,still,just,etc.
Examples:
∙ Youhaveonlyseenthatmovieonetime.
∙ Haveyouonlyseenthatmovieonetime?
ACTIVE/PASSIVE
Examples:
∙ Manytouristshavevisitedthatcastle.Active
∙ Thatcastlehasbeenvisitedbymanytourists.Passive
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