The Elements of Style by William Strunk JrWord格式文档下载.docx
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The Elements of Style by William Strunk JrWord格式文档下载.docx
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inconnectionwithChaptersIIandIV,F.HowardCollins,AuthorandPrinter(HenryFrowde);
ChicagoUniversityPress,ManualofStyle;
T.L.DeVinneCorrectComposition(TheCenturyCompany);
HoraceHart,RulesforCompositorsandPrinters(OxfordUniversityPress);
GeorgeMcLaneWood,ExtractsfromtheStyle-BookoftheGovernmentPrintingOffice(UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey);
inconnectionwithChaptersIIIandV,SirArthurQuiller-Couch,TheArtofWriting(Putnams),especiallythechapter,InterludeonJargon;
GeorgeMcLaneWood,SuggestionstoAuthors(UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey);
JohnLeslieHall,EnglishUsage(Scott,ForesmanandCo.);
JamesP.Kelly,WorkmanshipinWords(Little,BrownandCo.).
Itisanoldobservationthatthebestwriterssometimesdisregardtherulesofrhetoric.Whentheydoso,however,thereaderwillusuallyfindinthesentencesomecompensatingmerit,attainedatthecostoftheviolation.Unlessheiscertainofdoingaswell,hewillprobablydobesttofollowtherules.Afterhehaslearned,bytheirguidance,towriteplainEnglishadequateforeverydayuses,lethimlook,forthesecretsofstyle,tothestudyofthemastersofliterature.
WilliamStrunk,Jr.(1869–1946).TheElementsofStyle.1918.
II.ELEMENTARYRULESOFUSAGE
1.Formthepossessivesingularofnounswith'
s.
Followthisrulewhateverthefinalconsonant.Thuswrite,
Charles'
sfriend
Burns'
spoems
thewitch'
smalice
ThisistheusageoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentPrintingOfficeandoftheOxfordUniversityPress.
Exceptionsarethepossessivesofancientpropernamesin-esand-is,thepossessiveJesus'
andsuchformsasforconscience'
sake,forrighteousness'
sake.ButsuchformsasAchilles'
heel,Moses'
laws,Isis'
templearecommonlyreplacedby
theheelofAchilles
thelawsofMoses
thetempleofIsis
Thepronominalpossessiveshers,its,theirs,yours,andoneselfhavenoapostrophe.
2.Inaseriesofthreeormoretermswithasingleconjunction,useacommaaftereachtermexceptthelast.
Thuswrite,
red,white,andblue
honest,energetic,butheadstrong
Heopenedtheletter,readit,andmadeanoteofitscontents.
ThisisalsotheusageoftheGovernmentPrintingOfficeandoftheOxfordUniversityPress.
Inthenamesofbusinessfirmsthelastcommaisomitted,as
Brown,ShipleyandCompany
Theabbreviationetc.,evenifonlyasingletermcomesbeforeit,isalwaysprecededbyacomma.
3.Encloseparentheticexpressionsbetweencommas.
Thebestwaytoseeacountry,unlessyouarepressedfortime,istotravelonfoot.
Thisruleisdifficulttoapply;
itisfrequentlyhardtodecidewhetherasingleword,suchashowever,orabriefphrase,isorisnotparenthetic.Iftheinterruptiontotheflowofthesentenceisbutslight,thewritermaysafelyomitthecommas.Butwhethertheinterruptionbeslightorconsiderable,hemustneveromitonecommaandleavetheother.Suchpunctuationas
Marjorie'
shusband,ColonelNelsonpaidusavisityesterday,
or
Mybrotheryouwillbepleasedtohear,isnowinperfecthealth,
isindefensible.
Non-restrictiverelativeclausesare,inaccordancewiththisrule,setoffbycommas.
Theaudience,whichhadatfirstbeenindifferent,becamemoreandmoreinterested.
Similarclausesintroducedbywhereandwhenaresimilarlypunctuated.
In1769,whenNapoleonwasborn,CorsicahadbutrecentlybeenacquiredbyFrance.
NetherStowey,whereColeridgewroteTheRimeoftheAncientMariner,isafewmilesfromBridgewater.
Inthesesentencestheclausesintroducedbywhich,when,andwherearenon-restrictive;
theydonotlimittheapplicationofthewordsonwhichtheydepend,butadd,parenthetically,statementssupplementingthoseintheprincipalclauses.Eachsentenceisacombinationoftwostatmentswhichmighthavebeenmadeindependently.
Theaudiencewasatfirstindifferent.Lateritbecamemoreandmoreinterested.
Napoleonwasbornin1769.AtthattimeCorsicahadbutrecentlybeenacquiredbyFrance.
ColeridgewroteTheRimeoftheAncientMarineratNetherStowey.NetherStoweyisonlyafewmilesfromBridgewater.
Restrictiverelativeclausesarenotsetoffbycommas.
Thecandidatewhobestmeetstheserequirementswillobtaintheplace.
Inthissentencetherelativeclauserestrictstheapplicationofthewordcandidatetoasingleperson.Unlikethoseabove,thesentencecannotbesplitintotwoindependentstatements.
Theabbreviationsetc.andjr.arealwaysprecededbyacomma,andexceptattheendofasentence,followedbyone.
Similarinprincipletotheenclosingofparentheticexpressionsbetweencommasisthesettingoffbycommasofphrasesordependentclausesprecedingorfollowingthemainclauseofasentence.ThesentencesquotedinthissectionandunderRules4,5,6,7,16,and18shouldaffordsufficientguidance.
Ifaparentheticexpressionisprecededbyaconjunction,placethefirstcommabeforetheconjunction,notafterit.
Hesawuscoming,andunawarethatwehadlearnedofhistreachery,greeteduswithasmile.
4.Placeacommabeforeandorbutintroducinganindependentclause.
Theearlyrecordsofthecityhavedisappeared,andthestoryofitsfirstyearscannolongerbereconstructed.
Thesituationisperilous,butthereisstillonechanceofescape.
Sentencesofthistype,isolatedfromtheircontext,mayseemtobeinneedofrewriting.Astheymakecompletesensewhenthecommaisreached,thesecondclausehastheappearanceofanafter-thought.Further,and,istheleastspecificofconnectives.Usedbetweenindependentclauses,itindicatesonlythatarelationexistsbetweenthemwithoutdefiningthatrelation.Intheexampleabove,therelationisthatofcauseandresult.Thetwosentencesmightberewritten:
Astheearlyrecordsofthecityhavedisappeared,thestoryofitsfirstyearscannolongerbereconstructed.
Althoughthesituationisperilous,thereisstillonechanceofescape.
Orthesubordinateclausesmightbereplacedbyphrases:
Owingtothedisappearanceoftheearlyrecordsofthecity,thestoryofitsfirstyearscannolongerbereconstructed.
Inthisperiloussituation,thereisstillonechanceofescape.
Butawritermayerrbymakinghissentencestoouniformlycompactandperiodic,andanoccasionalloosesentencepreventsthestylefrombecomingtooformalandgivesthereaderacertainrelief.Consequently,loosesentencesofthetypefirstquotedarecommonineasy,unstudiedwriting.Butawritershouldbecarefulnottoconstructtoomanyofhissentencesafterthispattern(seeRule14).
Two-partsentencesofwhichthesecondmemberisintroducedbyas(inthesenseofbecause),for,or,nor,andwhile(inthesenseofandatthesametime)likewiserequireacommabeforetheconjunction.
Ifadependentclause,oranintroductoryphraserequiringtobesetoffbyacomma,precedesthesecondindependentclause,nocommaisneededaftertheconjunction.
Thesituationisperilous,butifwearepreparedtoactpromptly,thereisstillonechanceofescape.
Fortwo-partsentencesconnectedbyanadverb,seethenextsection.
5.Donotjoinindependentclausesbyacomma.
Iftwoormoreclauses,grammaticallycompleteandnotjoinedbyaconjunction,aretoformasinglecompoundsentence,thepropermarkofpunctuationisasemicolon.
Stevenson'
sromancesareentertaining;
theyarefullofexcitingadventures.
Itisnearlyhalfpastfive;
wecannotreachtownbeforedark.
Itisofcourseequallycorrecttowritetheaboveastwosentenceseach,replacingthesemicolonsbyperiods.
sromancesareentertaining.Theyarefullofexcitingadventures.
Itisnearlyhalfpastfive.Wecannotreachtownbeforedark.
Ifaconjunctionisinserted,thepropermarkisacomma(Rule4).
sromancesareentertaining,fortheyarefullofexcitingadventures.
Itisnearlyhalfpastfive,andwecannotreachtownbeforeda
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