WhyWearehappy复习课程Word文档下载推荐.docx
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WhyWearehappy复习课程Word文档下载推荐.docx
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IfSocrateswasright,isn'
titreasonabletoassumethatadecentnationwill,atminimum,createtheconditionsinwhichitscitizenscanbestpursuehappiness?
IntheDeclarationofIndependence,theFoundersdidn'
ttreathappinessassomefuzzyconcept;
theybelievedthatpeoplewantedhappinessandhadtherighttopursueit.Alongwithlifeandliberty,happinesswastheconnectionbetweentheCreatorandournation'
sdestiny,andtheabilityofitscitizenstopursueandachievehappinesswasameasureoftheeffectivenessandmoralityofthestate.
Whatmattersmostforhappinessisnothavingalotofthingsbuthavinghealthyvalues.
Buttoday'
sleadersandpolicymakersseemtohaveforgottenthis.Tohearpoliticianstalkaboutgrossdomesticproduct,health-carereform,andSocialSecurity,you'
dthinkthatthisnation'
sFoundingFathersheldasself-evidentthatweareendowedbyourCreatorwiththeabilitytopurchasenew,high-qualityconsumerdurableseachandeveryyear,ortoenjoyhealthyeconomicgrowthwithlowinflationandfullemployment.TheFoundersdidn'
ttalkaboutthesematters,notbecausethey'
reunimportant,butbecausetheybelievedhappinesswentdeeper.
Asaprofessorofbusinessandgovernmentpolicy,I'
velongbeeninterestedinthepursuitofhappinessasanationalconcept.Accordingtohundredsofreliablesurveysofthousandsofpeopleacrosstheland,happypeopleincreaseourprosperityandstrengthenourcommunities.Theymakebettercitizens--andbettercitizensarevitaltomakingournationhealthyandstrong.Happiness,inotherwords,isimportantforAmerica.SowhenIchancedupondataacoupleofyearsagosayingthatcertainAmericanswerelivinginamannerthatfacilitatedhappiness--whileotherswerenot--Ijumpedonit.
Iwantedtobeabletoarticulatewhichpersonallifestylesandpublicpolicieswouldmakeusthehappiestnationpossible.Ialsowantedtoknowwhichofmyownvalues,learnedduringmychildhoodinSeattleandpracticedduringmycareerasauniversityprofessor,werethemostconducivetohappiness.IhadalwaysthoughtthatmarchingtothebeatofmyowndrummerandmakingupmyownvaluesasIwentalongweretherightthingstodo,andthattraditionalvalues,toputitbluntly,wereforsuckers.
TurnsoutthatIwasinforsomesurprises.
First,justwhatishappiness?
Mostresearchersagreethatitinvolvesanassessmentofthegoodandbadinourlives.It'
stheemotionalbalancesheetwekeepthatallowsustosayhonestlywhetherwe'
relivingahappylife,inspiteofbadthingsnowandthen.
YoumightsuspectthatAmericansaregettinghappierallthetime.Afterall,many(thoughclearlynotall)aregettingricher,andthisshouldmakethembetterableandequippedtofollowtheirdreams.Ontheotherhand,there'
salotoftalkaboutthegoodolddays,whenkidscouldplayoutsidewithoutanyworryaboutbeingkidnapped.Andthere'
sagreatdealofstressinthiscountryrightnow,duetofinancialconcerns,negativeworkplaceenvironments,andchronichealthproblems,amongotherpressingissues.
ButaveragehappinesslevelsinAmericahavestayedlargelyconstantformanyyears.In1972,30percentofthepopulationsaidtheywereveryhappywiththeirlives,accordingtotheNationalOpinionResearchCenter'
sGeneralSocialSurvey.In1982,31percentsaidso,andin2006,31percentsaidsoaswell.Thepercentagesayingtheywerenottoohappywassimilarlyconstant,generallyhoveringaround13percent.
Thefactorsthatadduptoahappylifeformostpeoplearenotwhatwetypicallyhearabout.Thingslikewinningthelottery,gettingliposuction,andearningamaster'
sdegreedon'
tmakepeoplehappyoverthelonghaul.Rather,thekeytohappiness,andthedifferencebetweenhappyandunhappyAmericans,isalifethatreflectsvaluesandpracticeslikefaith,hardwork,marriage,charity,andfreedom.
HappinessPredictor1:
Faith
Roughly85percentofAmericansidentifywithareligion,andaboutathirdofAmericansattendahouseofworshipeveryweekormore.Thesestatisticshavechangedrelativelylittleoverthedecades.Byinternationalstandards,America'
slevelofreligiouspracticeisexceptionallyhigh.InHolland,forexample,just9percentofthepopulationattendschurchonaregularbasis;
inFrance,it'
s7percent;
inLatvia,3percent.
Ingeneral,religiousAmericans(thosewhoattendaplaceofworshipalmosteveryweekormore)arehappierthanthosewhorarelyorneverattend.In2004theGeneralSocialSurveyfoundthat43percentofreligiousfolkssaidtheywereveryhappywiththeirlives,comparedwith23percentofsecularists.Religiouspeoplewereathirdmorelikelythanseculariststosaythey'
reoptimisticaboutthefuture.Andsecularistswerenearlytwiceaslikelyasreligiouspeopletosay"
I'
minclinedtofeelI'
mafailure."
Theconnectionbetweenfaithandhappinessholdsregardlessofone'
sreligion.AllnonpartisansurveysonthesubjecthavefoundthatChristians(Protestants,Catholics,Mormons,andothers)andJews,aswellasmembersofmanyotherreligioustraditions,arefarmorelikelythanseculariststosaythey'
rehappy.Italsodoesn'
tmatterifwemeasurereligiouspracticeinwaysotherthanattendanceatworshipservices.In2004,36percentofpeoplewhoprayedeverydaysaidtheywereveryhappy,versus21percentofpeoplewhoneverprayed.
Ofcourse,noteveryreligiouspersonishappy;
neitheriseverysecularistunhappy.Nonetheless,it'
sclearthatfaithisacommonvalueamonghappyAmericans.
HappinessPredictor2:
Work
Ifyouhitthelotterytoday,wouldyouquityourjob?
Ifyou'
relikemostAmericans,youprobablywouldn'
t.Whenmorethan1,000peopleacrossthecountrywereaskedin2002,"
Ifyouweretogetenoughmoneytolivecomfortablyfortherestofyourlife,wouldyoustopworking?
fewerthanathirdoftherespondentsansweredyes.
Contrarytowidelyheldopinion,mostAmericanslikeorevenlovetheirwork.In2002anamazing89percentofworkerssaidtheywereverysatisfiedorsomewhatsatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Thisisn'
ttruejustforthosewithhigh-paying,highlyskilledjobsbutforallworkersacrosstheboard.Andthepercentageisalmostexactlythesameamongthosewithandwithoutcollegedegreesandamongthoseworkingforprivatecompanies,nonprofitorganizations,andthegovernment.
FormostAmericans,jobsatisfactionisnearlyequivalenttolifesatisfaction.Amongthosepeoplewhosaytheyareveryhappyintheirlives,95percentarealsosatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Furthermore,jobsatisfactionwouldseemtobecausingoverallhappiness,nottheotherwayaround.
Thebottomlinehere:
Ifwewanttobehappy,weneedtowork.Andthat'
sadviceworthsharingwithourkidsaswell.
HappinessPredictor3:
Marriage&
Family
Matrimonyhastakenalotofhitssincethe1960s.It'
sbeensaidtoholdmanypeople,especiallywomen,backfromtheirfullpotentialtobehappy.Don'
tbelieveit.
In2004,42percentofmarriedAmericanssaidtheywereveryhappy.Just23percentofnever-marriedpeoplesaidthis.Thehappinessnumberswereevenlowerforothergroups:
Only20percentofthosewhowerewidowed,17percentofthosewhoweredivorced,and11percentofthosewhowereseparatedbutnotdivorcedsaidtheywerehappy.Overall,marriedpeopleweresixtimesmorelikelytosaythattheywereveryhappythantoreportthattheywerenottoohappy.Andgenerallyspeaking,marriedwomensaythey'
rehappymoreoftenthanmarriedmen.
Marriageisn'
tjustassociatedwithhappiness--itbringshappiness,atleastforalotofus.One2003studythatfollowed24,000peopleformorethanadecadedocumentedasignificantincreaseinhappinessafterpeoplemarried.Forsome,thehappinessincreaseworeoffinafewyears,andtheyendedupbackattheirpremarriagehappinesslevels.Butforothers,itlastedaslongasalifetime.
Whatabouthavingkids?
Whilechildren,ontheirown,don'
tappeartoraisethehappinesslevel(theyactuallytendtoslightlylowerthehappinessofamarriage),studiessuggestthatchildrenarealmostalwayspartofanoveralllifestyleofhappiness,whichislikelytoincludesuchthingsasmarriageandreligion.Considerthis:
While50percentofmarriedpeopleoffaithwhohavechildrenconsiderthemselvestobeveryhappy,only17percentofnonreligious,unmarriedpeoplewithoutkidsfeelthesameway.
We'
veallheardthatmoneydoesn'
tbuyhappiness,andthat'
scertainlytrue.Butthereisonewaytogetit:
Givemoneyaway.
Theevidenceisclearthatgiftstocharitableorganizationsandotherworthycausesbringsubstantiallifesatisfactiontothegivers.Ifyouwant$50inauthentichappinesstoday,justdonateittoafavoritecharity.
Peoplewhogivemoneytocharityare43percentmorelikelythannongiverstosaythey'
reveryhappy.Volunteersare42percentmorelikelytobeveryhappythannonvolunteers.Itdoesn'
tmatterwhetherthegiftsofmoneygotochurchesorsymphonyorchestras;
religiousgivingandseculargivingleavepeopleequallyhappy,andfarhappierthanpeoplewhodon'
tgive.Evendonatingblood,anespeciallypersonalkindofgiving,improvesourattitude.
Inessence,themorepeoplegive,thehappiertheyget.
HappinessPredictor4:
Freedom
TheFounderslistedlibertyrightuptherewiththepursuitofhappinessasanobjectivethatmeritedastruggleforournationalindependence.Infact,freedomandhappinessareintimatelyrelated:
Peoplew
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