美国文学考试期末知识点Word文件下载.docx
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美国文学考试期末知识点Word文件下载.docx
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(5)Perseveranceofthe"
saints"
-thoseelectedbyGodhavefullpowertointerpretthewillofGod,andtoliveuprightly.Ifanyonerejectsgraceafterfeelingitspowerinhislife,hewillbegoingagainstthewillofGod-somethingimpossibleinPuritanism.
(6)Puritanvalues(creeds):
Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,tobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailureandoptimistic..
3.InfluenceonAmericanLiterature对美国文学影响定义:
AmericaliteratureisingoodmeasurealiteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismoftheAmericanPuritanismbequest.AllliteratureisbasedonamythofgardenofEden.
Symbolism象征theAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.SymbolismasatechniquehasbecomeacommonpracticeinAmericanliterature.
Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;
therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.
4.TheliterarySceneincolonialAmerica殖民地的美国Humbleorigins:
diaries,histories,journals,letters,travelbooks,autobiographies/biographies,sermons
各种作家Writers:
(1)JohnSmith:
thefirstAmericanwriter
(2)AnneBradstreet:
aPuritanpoet,TheCompleteWork:
TenthMuseLatelySprungUpInAmerica
(3)EdwardTaylor:
avarietyofverse:
funeralelegies,lyrics,amedieval"
debate,"
anda500-pageMetricalHistoryofChristianity(mainlyahistoryofmartyrs).Hisbestworks,accordingtomoderncritics,aretheseriesofshortPreparatoryMeditations.
5;
FeaturesofColonialPoets殖民地诗人的特征
Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.
TheyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.---InEnglishstyle
TheywereservantsofGod.---Puritanpoets
TheyservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.
6,AnneBradstreet’sWorks
1,“SomeversesontheBurningofOurHouse”2,“TheSpiritandtheFlesh”3,TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(thefirstcollectionpublishedbyEnglishcolonistslivinginAmerica)
7.severalpointsinthisperiod:
(1)WilliamHillBrownpublishedthefirstAmericannovelThePowerofSympathyin1789.
(2)CharlesBrockdenBrown)wasthefirstAmericanauthortoattempttolivefromhiswriting.HedevelopedthegenreofAmericanGothic.Heemployednewnarrativetechniques.Anothersignificancewashisdescriptionofhischaracters’innerworld,sohisworkscanbereadaspsychologicalnovel.
(3)RogerWilliams(1603-1683)PreachforcivilandreligiouslibertyandagainstthepuritanoligarchyofBoston.CallfordemocraticgovernmentandopposetotheevictionoftheIndians.
Works:
TheBloodyTenetofPersecutionfortheCauseofConscience
(4)CJohnWoolman1:
FromapiousQuakerfamily2:
Transcendentalismhumanitarianism
3:
Pleafortherightsofallmenandtheabolitionoftheslaverysystem.
SomeConsiderationsontheKeepingofNegroes;
APleaforthePoor.
(5)ThomasPaine:
AgreatinfluenceintheAmericanRevolution
TheRightsofMan;
TheAgeofReason
(6)PhilipFreneau:
“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”,themostsignificantpoetof18thcenturyinAmerica.Someoffhisthemesandimagesanticipatedthe
worksofsuch19thcenturyAmericanRomanticwritersasCooper,Emerson,PoeandMelville.
Hisworks:
(1)TheRisingGloryofAmerica1772《美洲光辉的兴起》
(2)TheWildHoneySuckle1786《野地里德忍冬》(3)TheIndianBuryingGround1788《印第安人墓地》(4TheDyingIndian:
TomoChequi《奄奄一息的印第安人:
托姆·
柴吉》
关于他的评价:
Hewasthemostsignificantpoetof18thcenturyAmerica.
Someofhisthemesandimagesanticipatedtheworksofsuch19thcenturyAmericanRomanticwritersasCooper,Emerson,PoeandMelville.
PoetofAmericanIndependence:
Freneauprovidesincentiveandinspirationtotherevolutionbywritingsuchpoemsas"
TheRisingGloryofAmerica"
and"
PicturesofColumbus."
Journalist:
FreneauwaseditorandcontributorofTheFreeman'
sJournal(Philadelphia)from1781-1784.Inhiswritings,headvocatedtheessenceofwhatisknownasJeffersoniandemocracy-decentralizationofgovernment,equalityforthemasses,etc.
Freneau'
sReligion:
Freneauisdescribedasadeist-abelieverinnatureandhumanitybutnotapantheist.Indeism,religionbecomesanattitudeofintellectualbelief,notamatterofemotionalofspiritualecstasy.Freneaushowsinterestandsympathyforthehumbleandtheoppressed
FreneauasFatherofAmericanPoetry:
Hismajorthemesaredeath,nature,transition,andthehumaninnature.Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting.
Allthewhile.inromanticizingthewondersofnatureinhiswritings...hesearchedforanAmericanidiominverse.
8:
TheAmericanEnlightenment美国启蒙运动
(1)ItwasapartofalargerintellectualmovementknownastheAgeofEnlightenment.Influencedbythescientificrevolutionofthe17thcentury,theEnlightenmenttookscientificreasoningandappliedittohumannatureandsociety.
(2)Reasonwasadvocatedastheprimarysourceandbasisofauthority.
TherewasashiftfromGod-centeredthinkingtohumanbeingcentered.Insteadofgoingthroughlifeunhappyandthinkingtheyhadtosuffersotheycouldenjoytheafterlife-peoplebegantothinkaboutwhattheycouldaccomplishonearth.
(3)EqualityTheAmericanEnlightenmentinflencedBenjaminFranklindramatically.
GreatAwening影响
(1)ItisaseriresofreligiousrevivalsthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesaboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury.
(2)Itresultsindoctrinalchangesandinfluncesocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstartedbytherousingpreachingofJonathanEdwards
9:
JonathanEdwardsWorks:
(1)TheFreedomoftheWill《论意志自由》
(2)TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended《论原罪》(3)TheNatureofTrueVirtue《论真实德行的本原》
Assessment
JonathanEdwardswasagooddealofatranscendentalist
becauseofhisideas:
a,Thespiritofrevivalismb.Regenerationofmanc.God’spresenced.Puritanidealism
10:
BenjaminFranklinWorks:
1:
TheAutobiography《自传》
(1)TheAutobiographyis,firstofall,aPuritandocument.Itisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.
(2)TheAutobiographyisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatBenjaminFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderof18thcenturyenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.
(3)Throughtellingasuccessstoryofself-reliance,thebookcelebrates,infact,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.
NowalookatthestyleofTheAutobiographywillreadilyrevealthatitisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision
TheAutobiography《自传》:
Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionaryAmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.
Itgivesusthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan:
2:
PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷理查德格言历书》PoorRichard’sAlmanacisfullofadagesandcommon-sensewitticismwhichbecame,veryquickly,householdwords.
BenjaminFranklinBorrowedfromsuchwritersasDefoe,Swift,andPope,andusedhisownwittosimplifyandenrichtheiraxioms
11:
GeneralIntroductiontoRomanticism浪漫主义介绍
a.Romanticismisacomplexartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinWesternEurope,andgainedstrengthduringtheIndustrialRevolution.
b.ItwaspartlyarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature,andwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts,music,andliterature.
Themovementstressed运动强调a.strongemotionasasourceofaestheticexperience,placingnewemphasisonsuchemotionsastrepidation,horrorandawe—especiallythatwhichisexperiencedinconfrontingthesublimityofuntamednatureanditspicturesquequalities,bothnewaestheticcategories.
b.Itelevatedfolkartandcustomtosomethingnoble.
c.Itarguedfora"
natural"
epistemologyofhumanactivitiesasconditionedbynatureintheform
oflanguage,customandusage.
12:
CharacteristicsofRomanticism:
浪漫主义特征
(1)aninnateandintuitiveperceptionofman,natureandsociety—relianceonthesubconscious,theinnerlife,theabnormalpsychology
(2)anemphasisonfreedom,individualismandimagination—rebellionagainstneoclassicismwhichstressedformality,orderandauthority
(3)aprofoundlovefornature—natureasasourceofknowledge,natureasarefugefromthep
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