中西饮食文化对比Word下载.docx
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中西饮食文化对比Word下载.docx
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Duringthecourseofhumandevelopment,everycountryhasshapeditsownspecialdietaryculturegradually.Indifferentplacespeoplehavedifferentdietsanddietaryideasbecauseofdifferentculturesofhistory,language,tradition,andreligion.Justlikeanoldsaying“Oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.”Itmeansthatonlywhentheyareintheirlivinginhabits,theycanunderstandtheirdietaryculturebetter.TherearegreatdifferencesbetweenChinaandWestcountriesindietaryconcepts,dietarycontents,anddietarymanners.Basedonthepastresearches,theresearchwillfurtheranalyzethediversitiesofdietaryconcepts,dietarycontents,anddietarymannersbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.ByprobingthedifferencesofdietaryculturebetweenChinaandWesterncountries,wewilltrytoleadpeopletounderstandthedifferencesbettersoastoachievesuccessfulcommunication.
Keywords:
ChineseandWesterndietarycultures;
differences;
dietaryconcepts;
dietarycontents;
dietarymanners
摘 要:
在人类的发展过程中,各国逐渐形成了自己独特的饮食文化。
由于不同的历史,语言,传统,和宗教等文化原因,不同的地区便有了不同的饮食和饮食概念。
正如有句俗话,“某人之佳肴即他人之毒药。
”这就意味着只有当人们生活在自己的文化圈子里时,他们才能更好的理解自己的饮食文化。
中西方在饮食观念,饮食内容,饮食方式上有很大的区别。
本文将会在过去研究的基础上进一步分析中西方在饮食观念,饮食内容和饮食方式这三方面的多样性。
希望通过探讨中西方饮食文化的差异,能够引导人们更好地了解中西方在饮食文化方面的差异以便实现成功的交际。
关键词:
中西饮食文化;
差异;
饮食观念;
饮食内容;
饮食方式
Contents
I.Introduction…………………………………………….………………...1
II.ResearchReview………………….………….………………………….2
A.ConceptsofChinesedietaryculture……………..……..........................3
B.Conceptsofwesterndietaryculture……..………..................................3
Ⅲ.TheComparisonofDietaryConcepts……….…….…..……….........3
A.Extravagancevs.Simplicity………..….……………...…..……….….....3
B.Collectivismvs.Individualism……….…..………………………..…......4
Ⅳ.TheComparisonofDietaryContents…….……….............................5
A.Dietarymaterialsandstructures………..…….………...…………......5
B.Specialtyandtastevs.conventionandnutrition…………....….…….......6
Ⅴ.TheComparisonofDietarymanners………..….…………..................7
A.Chopsticksvs.forkandknife………………………….……………..…7
B.Latenessvs.punctuality………….……………………………............8
Ⅵ.Conclusion……………………………….…………….…………......9
WorksCited……………………………………….………………………10
I.Introduction
Thereisanoldsayingthat“Foodiseatingwell-deservedforhumanlife.”Diet,anbasicactionforexistence,isthemaincontentinhumansociallife.Withtimegoingon,dietderivatesadietaryculture.However,seenfromallaspectsofdietindifferentregions,itreflectsacountry’sorarace’sculturespirit.AnoldEnglishsaying,“Oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.”whichmeansallhumanbeingsdon’thavethesamedietorformthesamedietaryhabits.ClydeKluckhohn,aworld-famousanthropologist,stateshisopinionlikethis“Whatheeatsisofcourselimitedbyavailability,butisalsopartlyregulatedbyculture”(HuReadings39).Thatis,culturehasinfluenceondiet,onthecontrary,dietformsaspecialdietaryculture.
Chinesediethasamorethantwothousandyearslonghistory.Itcreatesinnumerablemagnificentcivilizations.UnderthoseculturalinfluencesChinesediethasshapedeightcuisinegroups.AndChinesecookingmethodiscuriousandsuperb.Dishesonthetablehaveastonishingexquisiteness.Whilesomewesterncountriesoncewerecoloniesandtheirdietaryhabitsweregreatlyaffectedbyothercountries.Theyadaptedothercountries’excellentdietarycontentsandshapedtheirowncomprehensivespeciality.Fromthewholeconditionsoftwoparties,twokindsofdietarycultureshavetwospecialties.Forexample,Chinesedietemphasizestasteandenjoyment,whilewesterndietemphasizesnutritionandliving.
Nowadaystheglobalizationisdevelopingfast.Asweallknow,itisabigproblemforpeopletohavedinnerwithforeignersbecauseofculturaldifferences.AccordingtoProfessorHuWenzhong,“Theglobalizationistohelpincreasepeople’scross-culturalawarenesssothatfewerproblemsariseintheirinteractionwithpeopleofanotherculture.Soastodothis,itisnecessarytocompareculturestoestablishsimilaritiesandidentifydifferences”(HuCommunication7).Inordertoprovidesomehelpforcross-culturalcommunicativepeople,thisthesiswillanalyzetheculturaldifferencesfromtheaspectsofconcept,content,andmanners.BytheanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarycultures,wecancomprehendtherespectiveculturaltraditionsofChinaandthewest.What’smore,wecanleadpeopletounderstandthedifferences,andachievesuccessfulcommunication.
Ⅱ.ResearchReview
TheChineseandwesterndiethavethedifferencesthatcannotbeignoredinconcepts.NobodywilldenythattheWesterndietisarationalconcept,regardlessofthecoloroffood,incense,flavorandshape,butnutritionmustbeassured.Chinesedietisasenseofbeautydiet.Themainstressistheoverallco-ordination.ThebeautyofChinesecuisineisclearlyoverridingtherationalpursuit.ItcontainsawealthofdialecticsofChinesephilosophy,andallthesedependonthedegreeofthewonderfulflavorandharmonyofdish.
A.ConceptsofChinesedietaryculture
Chinesedietaryculture,probablylongerthananyotherdietarytradition,hasalongdocumentedhistory,whichcanbetracedbacktotheancienttimes.ItbeginswiththeQinDynasty(庞杰1).Chinesepeopleareamongthepeopleoftheworldwhohavebeenparticularlypreoccupiedwithfoodandeatingforthesimplereason.
Confucius(551B.C.一479B.C.),thegreatestphilosopher,educatorinChinesehistory,saysinLichi,“Alimentationandreproduction,orinsimplerterms,foodanddrinkandwomenarethetwogreatestdesiresofhumanbeings.”Confuciusemphasizesdietisthenatureofhumanbeings,anddietisanindispensableconditionforthesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumanbeings.Also,ConfuciusmentionstheimportantroleofdietinChinesecultureformanytimesinAnaleclsofConfucius,abookrecordingConfucius’swisdomandhisfundamentalthoughts.Forexample,whenthedukeLingofWeiaskedConfuciusaboutmilitarytactics,Confuciusreplied,“Ihaveindeedheardaboutmatterspertainingtotsu(meatstand)andtou(meatplater),butIhavenotlearnedmilitarymatters.”AccordingtoConfucius,oneofthemostimportantqualificationsofaChinesegentlemanishisknowledgeandskillpertainingtofoodanddrink.KaoTzu,anotherWarringStates-periodphilosopherandkeenobserverofhumannature,says,“Appetiteforfoodandsexisnature.”SinceConfucianismhasbeenregardedasasetofpracticalprinciplesandethicalrulesfordailylife,itsprofoundimpactonChinesecultureisself-evidentandlaststilltoday.E.g.LinYutanghighlightstheessentialroleofdietwhenhewritesinTheImportanceofLivingthat,“Sobasicallyinfluencedarewebythismatteroffoodanddrinkthatrevolutions,peace,war,patriotism,internationalunderstanding,ourdailylifeandthewholefabricofhumansociallifeareprofoundlyinfluencedbyit”(44).ThecommonestexampleisthegreetingusedamongChinesepeoplewhentheyencounter“Haveyoueaten?
”
B.Conceptsofwesterndietaryculture
InEurope,diethasallkindsofstyles,whenthewholecultureofacountryhasexpanded,itstopicaldietaryculturewillexpand,too.Butallthesecountrieshavethesameculturalsource,theAncientGreekCulture.TheGreeksconsideredeatingasnobleactivities.Intheancienttimes,themalehadsuperiorsocialposition.Sothemalecookhadhighersocialposition,becausetheiroccupationhadcloserelationshipwithreligiousceremony.Untilnow,inFrancesomeorthodoxrestaurantsonlyemploywaiters(庞杰31).What’more,thewesternphilosophy,whosemaincharacteremphasizesthenatureofthings,playsanimportantroleinwesterndietaryculture.IntheWesterncountriesthereisarationaldietaryconcept.Theydon’tcareaboutthecolor,thetaste,thesmell,ortheshape,buttheymakesurethatthefoodshouldhavenutrition(庞杰29).
Sincethefoodculturehasacloserelationshipwithreligion,ofcourse,ithasitswholeetiquette.Andwithtimegoingon,dietaryetiquetteisbecomingvarious.AsthebookTheCulturesandEtiquettesofWesternCountriessaying“Eatinghabits,ormanners,havebeenmoldedbyamillionexternalinfluencesthroughtheagesofhumanexistence.Thedevelopmentofeatinghabitshaskeptpacewithman’sowndevelopment”(358).
Ⅲ.TheComparisonofDietaryConcepts
A.Extravagancevs.Simplicity
Fromtheancienttimeson,itisverycommonforChinesepeopletoseethattherearemanyhigh-gradedishesanddrinksinaformalbanquetinChina.What’smore,duringthebanquets,thehoststrytheirbesttopersuadegueststodrinkandeat.Iftheguestshavelittle,hostsmaythinktheydon’tpreparethefoodwell.Actually,thehostsusethebigbanquetstoshowhissincereandwarmhospitality.Themoreexpensiveorpreciousthefoodservedis,themoredignitythehosthas,themorequantityofdishesinabanquet,thewarmerhospitalitycanbeshown,andinthefinalanalysis,themore“faces”hecanearn.InChinatheconceptoffaceor“mianzi”issopervasiveandimportantforChinesepeoplethatithasdeeplypenetratedintoalmosteveryaspectofChinesepeople’slivesandtheirspirits(姚48).Therefore,inChina,banquets,whetherinformorincontent,areallundertheinfluenceofthe“face”system.Inthissense,formalbanquetsinChinahaveonethingincommonthatthereshouldbemorethanenoughfoodonthetable,notonlythequalitybutalsothequantityofdishesishighlyvalued,otherwisethehostwilllosehisfaceinthepresenceofguestsandfeelhumiliated(姚50).Banquetshavenolonge
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