translation-and-pragmatics.docx
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translation-and-pragmatics.docx
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Pragmaticsandtranslation
Inrecentyears,moreprogressesinpragmaticshavebeenmade,especiallyinpragmatictranslation.Thispaperfocusesoninspirationfrompragmaticstotranslationandtheapplicationofpragmatictheoriestotranslationpractice.
TheoreticalRationale
Pragmaticseisthestudyofrelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflanguageunderstanding.Pragmaticsstudiestheuseoflanguageinhumancommunicationasdeterminedbytheconditionsofsociety.Itisalsoastudyoflanguagecomprehensionaccordingtothefirstdefinitionandlanguageapplicationbasedonthesecondone.Itdealswiththewayofhowtouselanguagetactfullyandunderstanditappropriately.
Translationisakindoflanguageactivity.Itisapracticalactivityoflanguagethatusesonelanguagetoexpressthecontentexpressedinanotherlanguage.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidanotherlanguage.Itisalsoaprocessinwhichthetranslatorcomprehendstheoriginaltextandreconstructsthemeaninginthetranslatedtext.Pragmaticsandtranslationarethesameinthattheybothstudythelanguagecomprehensionandexpression,buttheyaredifferentinthatpragmaticshasmoreconnectionswithspokenlanguagewhiletranslationwithwrittenlanguage.Butthedifferencecannotpreventusfromborrowingtheoriesandprinciplesfrompragmaticsintotranslation.
ApplicationofPragmaticTheoriestoTranslationPractice
PragmaticTranslation
ProfessorHeZiranagreeswithNidathattranslationisadynamicequivalenceandpromotestousepragmaticequivalencetosolveproblemsintranslation.Thepragmaticequivalencecanbefurtherdividedintotwo,namelypragmalinguisticequivalenceandsociopramaticequivalence.
1)PragmalinguisticEquivalenceinTranslation
PragmalinguisticequivalenttranslationissimilartothedynamicequivalenttranslationfromNida,emphasizingtheclosestnatural
equivalenceinthetargetlanguage.Itreferstothecontentratherthantheformoftheoriginaltextandusesthemostaccurateandnaturallanguageinthetranslatedtexttoexpressthecontentsoasto
reachequivalence.Thepragmalinguisticequivalenceintranslation
referstochooseappropriatelanguageinthetranslatedtexttoexpresstheintentionorpragmaticforceoftheoriginaltext.
Forexample:
请再说一遍!
Generallyspeaking,theEnglishversionofthatsentenceshouldnotbeSpeakagain,please!
Instead,thesentenceshouldbetranslatedas:
Canyouspeakitagain?
InEnglish,imperativesentenceisseldomusedtoexpressrequest.Ifanativespeakerwantstomakearequest,heorshealwayschoosestheindirectform.
2)SociopragmaticEquivalenceinTranslation
Sociopragmaticequivalenceintranslationreferstotheequivalenttranslationinbothcross-languageandcross-culturalcommunication.Inordertoreachsociopragmaticequivalenceintranslation,thetranslatorshouldbegoodatboththesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageandhaveaproperunderstandingonthesocialandculturalbackgroundsinwhichthetwodifferentlanguagesareused.Besides,thereaderofthetranslatedtextshouldbealsotakenintoaccount.
Let’sanalyzethesetwosentencesasbelow:
向文明游客学习!
LearnfromCivilizedTourists!
向文明游客致敬!
SalutetoCivilizedTourists!
Thetwoslogansaboveareobviouslypreparedfordomestictourists.Whentheyaretranslatedinto"CivilizedTourists",theforeignerwillfeelridiculousaboutthat:
Coulditbesaidthatthetouristsofyourowncountryareallbarbarous?
ItisunnecessarytotranslatethesloganofthiskindintoEnglish,becauseitjustaimstoimprovethesocialmoralsofdomestictouristsandconducttheirbehaviors.
2.2DetailedAnalysisonPragmaticTranslation
Manypragmaticprincipleshavebeenusedintranslationamongwhichcooperativeprincipleandpolitenessprinciplearethemostimportant.
1)CooperativePrinciple
Cooperativeprinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:
Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.(DaiandHe,2002)
Still,thereareseveralmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:
themaximofquantity,themaximofquality,themaximofrelation,andthemaximofmanner.Thesemaximscanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Whenboththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation,conversationalimplicaturedoesoccur.ThesignificanceofCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.
Thus,thetranslator,ononehand,shouldunderstandandgraspthemeaningbeyondtheliteralwordsofthesourcelanguage,ontheotherhand,shouldconveythisimpliedmeaningtothetargetlanguagereaderssothattheymayhavethesimilarresponsesasthe
sourcelanguagereadersdo..
Herebelowisanexampletoillustratetheanalysisabove:
WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.
IftheproverbisstraightlytranslatedintoChineseas:
在罗马,
按罗马人做的去做,thereadersofthetranslatedtextwillfeelodd.
WhyshouldpeopledoastheRomansdo?
Ifwehaveunderstoodthe
implicatureintheproverb,wecanoverlooktheliteralmeaningof
theoriginalsentenceanddirectlycommunicatetheimpliedmean⁃
ingintranslationlikethis:
入乡随俗。
2)PolitenessPrinciple
Politenessprinciple,abbreviatedasPP,includessixmaxims:
tactmaxim,generositymaxim,approbationmaxim,modestymaxim,
agreementmaximandsympathymaxim(He,1997)
Politenessregulatespeople’sbehaviorsbyremindingthemtotakeintoconsiderationthefeelingsofothers.Politenessprinciplecanbeinterpretedinageneralwayfromtwoaspects:
tominimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefsandmaximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs.Communicativeactivitiesshouldbecarriedoutunderafriendlyandharmoniousatmospheresoastoincreasethesuccess
rateofcommunication.
Politenessequivalenceintranslationshouldbeconductedbypragmaticviewofpoliteness.Intranslation,cultureplaysanimportantroleinthecriteriaofpoliteness.Thetranslatorshouldworkoutthepragmaticdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandfindthecorrespondingexpressiontoachievepragmaticequivalence.
Hereisaconversation:
A:
Thankyou!
B:
这是我们应该做的。
IftheanswerofBistranslatedliterallyintoEnglishasItiswhatweshoulddo,theforeignerswillmisunderstandthatBhastodotheworkforthemratherthanbewillingtodoit.ThetranslatorshouldjusttranslateitinEnglishas:
It’smypleasure.
Fromtheexampleabovewecanseethatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentcriteriaofpolitenessbasedontheirownsocialculture.Therefore,intranslation,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothestandardofpolitenessintargetlanguage,avoidingtheexpressionthatmayoffendthereadersofthetranslatedtext.Theyshouldunderstandthefeelingofthereadersandwhattheyexpect.Intheprocessofunderstandingtheoriginaltext,thetranslatorshouldcombinethecommunicativecontextandtheculturalbackgroundtoreconstructtheintentionoftheauthor.
3Conclusion
Frompragmaticperspective,atranslationisappropriateifitcancommunicatethepragmaticforceintheprocessofcommunication.Thetranslatorsshouldcomprehendtheintentionoftheauthorbeforetheybegintowork.Theycanmaintainthecharacteristicsoftheoriginaltextintheirtranslationsoastointroducetheculturefromothercountriestothereadersofthetranslatedtextortheycanignorethemorchangetheirformsinordertohelpthereadersoftargetlanguagetounderstandthetext.Allinall,intranslationflexiblestrategiesshouldbeappliedaccordingtopragmatics.
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- translation and pragmatics