英国文学名词解释概要.docx
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英国文学名词解释概要.docx
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英国文学名词解释概要
III.DefinitionofLiteraryTerms:
1Blankverse
Unrhymediambicpentameter.SeealsoMeter.Inthe1540sHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,seemstohaveoriginateditinEnglishastheequivalentofVirgil'sunrhymeddactylichexameter.InGorboduc(1561),ThomasSackvilleandThomasNortonintroducedblankverseintothedrama,whenceitsoaredwithMarloweandShakespeareinthe1590s.MiltonforgeditanewfortheepicinParadiseLost(1667).
2.Epic
Alongnarrativepoem,typicallyarecountingofhistoryorlegendorofthedeedsofanationalheroandofreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.Lateronthisliterarygenrewaswrittendownbythepoets,suchasParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained.TwoofthegreatestepicsareHomer’sIliadandOdyssey.WhileinBritishliteraryhistory,thenationalepicisBeowulf.DuringtheRenaissance,criticaltheoryemphasizedtwoassumptions:
3.MetaphysicalPoetry
ThepoetryofJohnDonneandotherseventeenth-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.
4.CavalierPoets
Cavalierpoetswereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideoftheking,andcalledthemselves“sons”ofBenJonson.TheCavalierpoetswrotelightpoetry,polishedandelegant,amorousandgay,butoftensuperficial.Theymostlydealtinshortsongsontheflittingjoysoftheday,butunderneaththeirlight-heartednesslayssomeforebodingofimpendingdoom.Thisspiritofpessimismandcynicismistypicalofthearistocraticclassindecline.
5.Alliteration
Therepetitionofthebeginningaccentedsyllablesneartoeachotherwiththesameconsonantalsound,asinmanyidiomaticphrases:
“safeandsound”;“thickandthin”;“rightasrain”.Alliterationisthustheoppositeofrhyme,bywhichthesimilarsoundsoccurattheendsofthesyllables.
6.Realism
Atermusedinliteratureandarttopresentlifeasitreallyiswithoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeople.Thishasled,sometimestoanemphasisonsordiddetails.
7.AugustanAge
Aperiodinhistoryofaliteraturewhenitreachesitshigheststandardsincertainearlyidentifiedqualities:
refinement,clarity,elegance,andbalanceofjudgments.ThiscoincidedinRomanliteraturewiththereignoftheEmperorAugustus(27BC-AD14).Generallyspeaking,AugustanagecanbeextendedbacktoDrydenandforwardtoincludetheworkofPopeandSamuelJohnson;infact,toincludeallthoseEnglishwriterswhosharedtheliteraryideasofthereignofAnne.ThisperiodofEnglishculturewasindeedoneinwhichtherewasanespeciallyhighadmirationfortheclassicalAugustanage,theageofVirgil,Horace,andOvid,andforthestandardsofcriticismprescribedbyHoraceinhisArtofPoetry.(ArsPoetica)
8.Sentimentalism
Sentimentalismoriginatedinthe18thcentury,andwasadirectreactionagainstthecold,hardcommercialismandrationalismthathaddominatedpeople’slifesincethelastdecadesofthe17thcentury.Besides,itseemedtohaveappearedhandinhandwiththeriseofrealisticEnglishnovel.SentimentalismoftenrelatestosentimentalityandsensibilityinsomeliteraryworkssuchasRichardson’sPamela;Goldsmith’sTheVicarofWakefield;Sterne’sASentimentalJourneythroughFranceandItaly.InPoetry,wehaveThomasGray’s“AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”,Goldsmith’s“TheDesertedVillage”,andCowper’s“Task”,notmentionthevariousodesofsensibilitywhichflourishedinthelaterhalfofthecentury.
9.Humanism
HumanismreferstothemainliterarytrendandisthekeynoteofEnglishRenaissance.Humaniststookinterestinhumanlifeandhumanactivitiesandgaveexpressiontothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeauty,humanachievement.
10.Puritanism
Thetermisusedinanarrowsenseofreligiouspracticeandattitudes,andinabroadsenseofanethicaloutlook,whichismuchlesseasytodefine.
Firstinitsstrictsense,“Puritan”wasappliedtothoseProtestantreformerswhorejectedQueenElizabeth’sreligioussettlementof1560.ThissettlementsoughtamiddlewaybetweenRomanCatholicismandtheextremespiritofreformofGeneva.ThePuritans,influencedbyGeneva,Zurich,andothercontinentalcenters,objectedtotheretentionofbishopsandtoanyappearanceofwhattheyregardedassuperstitioninchurchworship---thewearingofvestmentsbythepriests,andanykindofreligiousimage.ApartfromtheirunitedoppositiontoRomanCatholicismandtheirinsistenceonsimplicityinreligiousforms,Puritansdisagreedamongthemselvesonquestionsofdoctrineandchurchorganization.Puritanswereverystronginthefirsthalfof17thcenturyandreacheditspeakofpoweraftertheCivilWarof1642-6,awar,whichwasostensiblyreligious,althoughitwasalsopolitical.
Secondlythebroadsenseofawholewayoflife,Puritanismhasalwaysrepresentedstrictobediencetothedictatesofconscienceandstrongemphasisonthevirtueofself-denial.Theword“Puritan”isoftenthoughttoimplyhostilitytoarts,butthisisnotnecessarilytrue.
11.TheAnglicanChurchorChurchofEngland
TheChurchofEnglandbecameindependentin1534,whenHenryVIIIcausedParliamenttopasstheActofsupremacy,whichdeclaredhimtobethe“supremeHeadoftheEnglishChurchandClergy.Thisactionwaspoliticalratherthanreligious;Henrywasconservativeinhisreligiousbeliefs,andreaffirmedthetraditionalCatholicdoctrinesbyhisActoftheSixArticles(1539)
12.Allegory
Astorysuggestsanotherstory.ThefirstpartofthiswordcomesfromtheGreekallos,"other."Anallegoryispresentinliteraturewheneveritisclearthattheauthorissaying,"BythisIalsomeanthat."Inpractice,allegoryappearswhenaprogressionofeventsorimagessuggestsatranslationofthemintoconceptuallanguage.Allegoryisthusatechniqueofaligningimaginativeconstructs,mythologicalorpoetic,withconceptualormoralmodels.DuringtheRomanticeraadistinctionarosebetweenallegoryandsymbol.WithColeridge,symboltookprecedence:
"anallegoryisbutatranslationofabstractnotionsintopicture-language,"but"asymbolalwayspartakesoftherealitywhichitmakesintelligible."
13.Alexandrine
Atwelve-syllablelineofverse,possiblyowesitsnametoFrenchmedievalpoemsaboutAlexandertheGreat.ItiscommoninFrenchpoetrybutunusualinEnglish,wherethecommonestlinelengthisoftensyllables.ThefamoususeofwhichisinthelastlineoftheSpenserianstanza,inventedinhisFaerieQueene.
14.Ballad
Anarrativepoeminshortstanzas,withorwithoutmusic.ThetermderivesbywayofFrenchballadefromLatinballare,"todance,"andoncemeantasimplesongofanykind,lyricornarrative,especiallyonetoaccompanyadance.Asballadsevolved,mostlosttheirassociationwithdance,althoughtheykepttheirstrongrhythms.Modernusagedistinguishesthreemajorkinds:
theanonymoustraditionalballad(popularballadorfolkballad),transmittedorally;thebroadsideballad,printedandsoldonsinglesheets;andtheliteraryballad(orartballad),asophisticatedimitationofthetraditionalballad.
15.Mysteryplay
TheMysteryplaysoftheMiddleAgeswerebasedonthebibleandwereparticularlyconcernedwiththestoriesofman’screation,FallandRedemption.TheyantedateMiraclePlays.
MysteryPlaysdevelopedoutoftheLiturgyofthechurchandinparticularoutoftheQuemQuaeritistropeofEasterDay.Theearlierdramatizationswerepresentedonthegreaterfestivalsofthechurch:
Christmas,Easter,,PentecostandCorpusChristi.AtfirsttheywereinLatinandperformedbytheclergyinthechurch.Therethencameanincreasingadmixtureofthevernacular,andlayfolkalsoperformedinthem.Thisgradualsecularizationofthereligionsdramawasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingphysicalmove.Thedramamovedoutofthechurchthroughthewestdoor.Thus,whathadbeensacreddramabecame,literally,profane.Fromthechurchyardtothemarketplacewasthenextlogicalstep.
16.CarpeDiemTradition
AtraditiondatesbacktoclassicalGreekandcertainpoetry,particularlypopularamongEnglishCavalierpoets.Carpediemmeansliterally“seizetheday”,thatis“livefortoday”.ThecarpediemthemeisepitomizedinalinefromRobertHerrick’s“Tothevirgins,toMakeMuchofTime”;and“Gatheryerosebuds,whileyoumay.”
17.Characterization
Thepersonalityacharacterdisplays;also,themeansbywhichawriterrevealsthatpersonality.Generally,awriterdevelopsacharacterinoneormoreofthefollowingways:
(1)throughthecharacter’sactions;
(2)throughthecharacter’sthoughtsandspeeches;(3)throughaphysicaldescriptionofthecharacter;(4)throughtheopinionsothershaveaboutthecharacter;(5)throughadirectstatementaboutthecharactertellingwhatthewriterthinksofhimorher.
18.OxfordReformer
Oxfordreformersrefertoagroupofprofessors,graduatesandstudentsofOxfordUniversity,withThomasMoreastheirrepresentatives.TheytraveledtoItalyorFrancetocomeintocontactwiththespiritoftheRenaissancehumanismandacceptedthenewphilosophyandculturethatwererisingthere,andtheybegantospreadtheideasoftheRenaissanceinEnglandaftertheyreturned.TheymadeOxfordUniversityasacenteroftheclassicalstudies.Theirnewworldoutlookpreparedthewayfortheappearanceofanewliteratureinthesecondhalfofthe16thcentury.
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- 英国文学 名词解释 概要