英语学术写作(一)标点符号的使用.doc
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英语学术写作(一)标点符号的使用.doc
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英语学术写作(EnglishforAcademicWriting)
练习
(一)标点符号的使用
apostrophes缩写号commas逗号
colons冒号 hyphens连字号
parentheses/brackets括号 semicolons分号
periods(fullstops)句号
(1)逗号的使用
例句1:
Thespecimens,eachofwhichwascruciform,weighed90–100g..
=Thespecimenswerecruciformandweighed90–100g.
例句2:
XnotYwasthemostuseful.
=X,notY,wasthemostuseful.
1.Thisdevice,asiswellknown,willseparateXfromY.
2.Letusstrengthen,bymeansofthecircuitofFig.3b,theexamplegivenintheprevioussubsection.
3.Thisbook,whichisaimedatnonnativeresearchers,containsaseriesofexercisespracticingwritingskills.
4.Thispaper,whichisanamplifiedversionofapaperpresentedattheThirdConferenceonWriting,isdividedintofivemainparts.
5.Theresultsofthesurvey,oncetheyhavebeenprocessed,willbeusedtomakeafullassessmentoftheadvantagesofsuchanapproach.
6.Letustakeintoconsideration,usingthedatagiveninTable1,themostimportantparameters.
7.Artistshavealwaysexperimentedwithavarietyoforganicnaturalmaterialsforuseaspaintbindersandvarnishesandasingredientsformordants.
8.FirsthespokeaboutXandthenaboutY.
9.ForbreakfastIhaveyoghurtcornflakesandbaconandegg.
10.Indirectinletmassspectrometrysolidorliquidsamplesareintroducedintoasmallglasscup.
11.Itcosts$2200000.
12.MoreandmoreAmericanswaituntilthedeadlinetopaytheirbills.
13.Themenuofferedtheusualchoicesofturkeylambandchicken.
14.Thepaperisinthreeparts.FirstlywelookintoX.SecondlywediscussY.ThirdlyweinvestigateZ.
(2)分号的使用
以下标号处的分号是否使用得当?
请更正或保留。
Onerelativelyeasymethodtocollectinformationisaskingforitdirectlyfromtheindividualunderaformofquestionnaire.IusedquestionnairesfrombilingualsubjectslocatedinFlorence,
(1)Tuscany;Milan,
(2)Lombardy;andRome,Lazio.Theparticipantswereasked,forexample,whentheyacquiredtheirsecond(3)language;iftheyusebothlanguages(4)regularly;andhowtheyself-ratetheirlevelofproficiencyinreading,listening,writingandspeaking.Issuesmayarisefromadifferentimportancegiventofactorsaffectinglanguage(5)acquisition;forexample,canthelengthofresidenceinaforeigncountrybeconsideredanindexofproficiency?
Some27attemptshavebeenmadetodevelopareliableandvalidquestionnaire,whichcouldpredicttherelationshipswithobjectivemeasures(e.g.,Marian,Blumenfeld&Kaushanskaya,(6)2007;Tokowicz,Michael&Kroll,2004).Althoughthesequestionnaireswerealldifferent,theyshowedaconsistentdegreeofoverlappingitems,forexample,ageofL2(i.e.secondlanguage)first(7)exposure;yearsofL2instruction(8)received;andlanguagespokenathome.Lietal.(2006)identifiedtheserecurringitems,whichwereconsolidatedintoasingle(9)source;however,despitetheauthors’intentiontoaddnewfunctionstotheinterfacetheydidnotdevelopitfurther.
(3)括号的使用
以下句子的括号是否使用得当?
请更正或保留。
1.Ifthemethodisusedcorrectly(i.e.eachstepisfollowedinsequence)thentheresultsaregenerallyinlinewiththebestresultsobtainedbyotherauthorsintheliterature(e.g.Smith[2011],Yang[2012]andSingh[2013]).
2.Forcertaincountries(e.g.Peru,ChileandHonduras)thesedistinctionsdonoapply.
3.Thesoftwareperformsallthechecks(price,quantity,quality).
4.Inpracticethisallowstheuserstoshiftthequeriestoonedirectionortheother,dependingona(positiveornegative)skewingfactor.
5.Wedecidedtousethisprocedure(asdefinedinISO12/998)asitisgenerallymoreefficient.
(4)连字号的使用
以下句子是否需要连字号?
若是,请补全。
1(a)Thesespreadfromcelltocell.
1(b)Celltocellcommunicationisfrequent.
2(a)Thisbehaviorishumanlike.
2(b)Thisisahumanlikebehavior.
3(a)Thisisawellknownproblem.
3(b)Thisproblemiswellknown.
4(a)Wewillreviewthestateoftheartintheliterature.
4(b)Thisisastateoftheartpieceofequipment.
5(a)Thisisusedtocleanupthesample.
5(b)Dothisafterthecleanupprocedure.
6(a)Thereisaonetoonecorrespondence.
6(b)Theseshouldbedoneonebyone.
7(a)Atraditionalsingleclusterassignment.
7(b)Thereisjustasinglecluster.
8(a)Thesestudentsareintheirthirdyear.
8(b)Thesearethirdyearstudents.
9(a)Thisisalittleusedcar–itisverycompact.
9(b)Thisisalittleusedcar–ithasonlydone2000km.
10(a)Weapproachedseveralforeigncardealers(e.g.Ferrari,Honda,
Kia)whotoldus…
10(b)Weapproachedseveralforeigncardealers(i.e.notfromtheUSA)
whotoldus…
(5)大写的使用
例句:
Consequencesoferuditevernacularutilizedirrespectiveofnecessity:
theproblemsofusinglongwordsneedlessly.
=ConsequencesofEruditeVernacularUtilizedIrrespectiveofNecessity:
theProblemsofUsingLongWordsNeedlessly.
1.Aguidetowritingresearchpapersfornon-nativespeakersofEnglish.
2.TheroleofEnglishinthetwentyfirstcentury.
3.ThehistoryofteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage.
4.Aninnovativesystemfortheautomatictranslationofresearchpapers.
5.Thevaluesareshownintable1.Thistablealsoshowsthedailydosesfrommondaytofriday.
6.Theauthorsgratefullyacknowledgesupportfromtheuniversityofmanchester.Thanksarealsoduetodrsusanjamesforrevisingtheenglishofthemanuscript.
7.Inordertomaximizebackgroundconductivity,adionexanionmicromembranesuppressor(dionex,sunnyvale,usa)wasemployed.
8.Thispaperintroduceslogibase,asystemthatintegratesaspreadsheet,arelationaldatabase,andlogicprogrammingparadigmsbyexploitingbooleanvalues.
(6)总结练习A
以下是一篇学术论文引文部分(Introduction),请给它注上合适的标点符号。
Theorderinwhichwesayorwritesomethinggenerallyreflectstheimportancewewanttogivetoeachindividualiteminenglishwetendtoputthesubjectfirstbecausebydoingthistheinterlocutorimmediatelyknowswhatthemaintopicisgoingtobewethenneedtoinserttheverbandthentheobjectwhichisgenerallyofsecondaryimportancethismayseemobviousitisntinmanylanguagesthesubjectorapartoftheverbmayappearattheendofthesentencethisfactwouldseemtoindicatethatwedontallhavethesamethoughtpatternsandthatforothernationalitiesitmaynotbeimportanttoimmediatelyknowtheargumentofthesentence.
TheresultisthatweaslistenersorreadershavecertainexpectationsastotheorderinwhichthewordsaregoingtoappearifthisorderisnotrespectedwemaybethrownoffthetrailinmuchthesamewayforeignstudentswhenspeakingtendtostressinappropriatewordsinasentencehighlightingwordsthatforanenglishspeakerwouldnormallyhavenorelevancethereasonforthisisthatbothenglishwordorderandEnglishstressarestrictlyrelatedtomeaninginotherlanguagesthisisnotalwaysthecasetheproblemisofcoursethatstudentstendtotransfertheirnativewordandstressintoenglish.
(7)综合练习B
请给以下段落注上合适的括号,分号或大写。
Thehomelesspopulationinvolvedinthestudyincludethoseintemporaryorinsecurehousinginahostelstayingwithfriendsorrelativesoutofnecessityorsleepingrough.clientswerescreenedatthirtyfivesiteswhichmakeupthemainhostels,nightsheltersanddaycentresforhomelesspeopleandrefugeesinthesouthlondonboroughsoflambeth,lewishamandsouthwarkmanyoftheseagenciestargethomelesspeoplewhodonotnormallyaccessotherservicesparticularlyhealthcarethescreeningwasadvertisedinadvanceateachsiteasafreeserviceavailabletoallwithincentivesfreemealsprovidedregularscreeningsessionswerearrangedateachsiteoveranumberofmonthsthefrequencyofsessionsdependedonthesizeofthecentreandthedailyturnoverofclientstheoveralluptakeofthescreeningateachsitewasestimatedbycalculatingtheaveragenumberofvolunteersforthescreeningateachcentreasapercentageoftheaveragedailycapacityofeachdropincentreorhostel.
5
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