生物信息学英文术语及释义总汇.doc
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生物信息学英文术语及释义总汇.doc
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AbstractSyntaxNotation(ASN.l)(NCBI发展的许多程序,如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D等所使用的内部格式)
Alanguagethatisusedtodescribestructureddatatypesformally,Withinbioinformatits,ithasbeenusedbytheNationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformationtoencodesequences,maps,taxonomicinformation,molecularstructures,andbiographicalinformationinsuchawaythatitcanbeeasilyaccessedandexchangedbycomputersoftware.
Accessionnumber(记录号)
AuniqueidentifierthatisassignedtoasingledatabaseentryforaDNAorproteinsequence.
Affinegappenalty(一种设置空位罚分策略)
Agappenaltyscorethatisalinearfunctionofgaplength,consistingofagapopeningpenaltyandagapextensionpenaltymultipliedbythelengthofthegap.Usingthispenaltyschemegreatlyenhancestheperformanceofdynamicprogrammingmethodsforsequencealignment.SeealsoGappenalty.
Algorithm(算法)
Asystematicprocedureforsolvingaprobleminafinitenumberofsteps,typicallyinvolvingarepetitionofoperations.Oncespecified,analgorithmcanbewritteninacomputerlanguageandrunasaprogram.
Alignment(联配/比对/联配)
Referstotheprocedureofcomparingtwoormoresequencesbylookingforaseriesofindividualcharactersorcharacterpatternsthatareinthesameorderinthesequences.Ofthetwotypesofalignment,localandglobal,alocalalignmentisgenerallythemostuseful.SeealsoLocalandGlobalalignments.
Alignmentscore(联配/比对/联配值)
Analgorithmicallycomputedscorebasedonthenumberofmatches,substitutions,insertions,anddeletions(gaps)withinanalignment.ScoresformatchesandsubstitutionsArederivedfromascoringmatrixsuchastheBLOSUMandPAMmatricesforproteins,andaftinegappenaltiessuitableforthematrixarechosen.Alignmentscoresareinlogoddsunits,oftenbitunits(logtothebase2).Higherscoresdenotebetteralignments.SeealsoSimilarityscore,Distanceinsequenceanalysis.
Alphabet(字母表)
Thetotalnumberofsymbolsinasequence-4forDNAsequencesand20forproteinsequences.
Annotation(注释)
Thepredictionofgenesinagenome,includingthelocationofprotein-encodinggenes,thesequenceoftheencodedproteins,anysignificantmatchestootherProteinsofknownfunction,andthelocationofRNA-encodinggenes.Predictionsarebasedongenemodels;e.g.,hiddenMarkovmodelsofintronsandexonsinproteinsencodinggenes,andmodelsofsecondarystructureinRNA.
AnonymousFTP(匿名FTP)
WhenaFTPserviceallowsanyonetologin,itissaidtoprovideanonymousFTPser-vice.AusercanlogintoananonymousFTPserverbytypinganonymousastheusernameandhisE-mailaddressasapassword.MostWebbrowsersnownegotiateanonymousFTPlogonwithoutaskingtheuserforausernameandpassword.SeealsoFTP.
ASCII
TheAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)encodesunaccentedlettersa-z,A-Z,thenumbersO-9,mostpunctuationmarks,space,andasetofcontrolcharacterssuchascarriagereturnandtab.ASCIIspecifies128charactersthataremappedtothevaluesO-127.ASCIItilesarecommonlycalledplaintext,meaningthattheyonlyencodetextwithoutextramarkup.
BACclone(细菌人工染色体克隆)
BacterialartificialchromosomevectorcarryingagenomicDNAinsert,typically100–200kb.Mostofthelarge-insertclonessequencedintheprojectwereBACclones.
Back-propagation(反向传输)
Whentrainingfeed-forwardneuralnetworks,aback-propagationalgorithmcanbeusedtomodifythenetworkweights.Aftereachtraininginputpatternisfedthroughthenetwork,thenetwork’soutputiscomparedwiththedesiredoutputandtheamountoferroriscalculated.Thiserrorisback-propagatedthroughthenetworkbyusinganerrorfunctiontocorrectthenetworkweights.SeealsoFeed-forwardneuralnetwork.
Baum-Welchalgorithm(Baum-Welch算法)
AnexpectationmaximizationalgorithmthatisusedtotrainhiddenMarkovmodels.
Baye’srule(贝叶斯法则)
Formsthebasisofconditionalprobabilitybycalculatingthelikelihoodofaneventoccurringbasedonthehistoryoftheeventandrelevantbackgroundinformation.IntermsoftwoparametersAandB,thetheoremisstatedinanequation:
Thecondition-alprobabilityofA,givenB,P(AIB),isequaltotheprobabilityofA,P(A),timestheconditionalprobabilityofB,givenA,P(BIA),dividedbytheprobabilityofB,P(B).P(A)isthehistoricalorpriordistributionvalueofA,P(BIA)isanewpredictionforBforaparticularvalueofA,andP(B)isthesumofthenewlypredictedvaluesforB.P(AIB)isaposteriorprobability,representinganewpredictionforAgiventhepriorknowledgeofAandthenewlydiscoveredrelationshipsbetweenAandB.
Bayesiananalysis(贝叶斯分析)
Astatisticalprocedureusedtoestimateparametersofanunderlyingdistributionbasedonanobserveddistribution.SeealsoBaye’srule.
Biochips(生物芯片)
Miniaturizedarraysoflargenumbersofmolecularsubstrates,oftenoligonucleotides,inadefinedpattern.TheyarealsocalledDNAmicroarraysandmicrochips.
Bioinformatics(生物信息学)
Themergerofbiotechnologyandinformationtechnologywiththegoalofrevealingnewinsightsandprinciplesinbiology./Thedisciplineofobtaininginformationaboutgenomicorproteinsequencedata.Thismayinvolvesimilaritysearchesofdatabases,comparingyourunidentifiedsequencetothesequencesinadatabase,ormakingpredictionsaboutthesequencebasedoncurrentknowledgeofsimilarsequences.DatabasesarefrequentlymadepublicallyavailablethroughtheInternet,orlocallyatyourinstitution.
Bitscore(二进制值/Bit值)
ThevalueS'isderivedfromtherawalignmentscoreSinwhichthestatisticalpropertiesofthescoringsystemusedhavebeentakenintoaccount.Becausebitscoreshavebeennormalizedwithrespecttothescoringsystem,theycanbeusedtocomparealignmentscoresfromdifferentsearches.
Bitunits
Frominformationtheory,abitdenotestheamountofinformationrequiredtodistinguishbetweentwoequallylikelypossibilities.Thenumberofbitsofinformation,AJ,requiredtoconveyamessagethathasA4possibilitiesislog2M=Nbits.
BLAST(基本局部联配搜索工具,一种主要数据库搜索程序)
BasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool.Asetofprograms,usedtoperformfastsimilaritysearches.NucleotidesequencescanbecomparedwithnucleotidesequencesinadatabaseusingBLASTN,forexample.Complexstatisticsareappliedtojudgethesignificanceofeachmatch.Reportedsequencesmaybehomologousto,orrelatedtothequerysequence.TheBLASTPprogramisusedtosearchaproteindatabaseforamatchagainstaqueryproteinsequence.ThereareseveralotherflavoursofBLAST.BLAST2isanewerreleaseofBLAST.Allowsforinsertionsordeletionsinthesequencesbeingaligned.Gappedalignmentsmaybemorebiologicallysignificant.
Block(蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块)
Conservedungappedpatternsapproximately3-60aminoacidsinlengthinasetofrelatedproteins.
BLOSUMmatrices(模块替换矩阵,一种主要替换矩阵)
AnalternativetoPAMtables,BLOSUMtableswerederivedusinglocalmultiplealignmentsofmoredistantlyrelatedsequencesthanwereusedforthePAMmatrix.Theseareusedtoassessthesimilarityofsequenceswhenperformingalignments.
Boltzmanndistribution(Boltzmann分布)
Describesthenumberofmoleculesthathaveenergiesaboveacertainlevel,basedontheBoltzmanngasconstantandtheabsolutetemperature.Boltzmannprobabilityfunction(Boltzmann概率函数)
SeeBoltzmanndistribution.
Bootstrapanalysis
Amethodfortestinghowwellaparticulardatasetfitsamodel.Forexample,thevalidityofthebrancharrangementinapredictedphylogenetictreecanbetestedbyresamplingcolumnsinamultiplesequencealignmenttocreatemanynewalignments.Theappearanceofaparticularbranchintreesgeneratedfromtheseresampledsequencescanthenbemeasured.Alternatively,asequencemaybeleftoutofananalysistodeter-minehowmuchthesequenceinfluencestheresultsofananalysis.
Branchlength(分支长度)
Insequenceanalysis,thenumberofsequencechangesalongaparticularbranchofaphylogenetictree.
CDSorcds(编码序列)
Codingsequence.
Chebyshe,dinequality
Theprobabilitythatarandomvariableexceedsitsmeanislessthanorequaltothesquareof1overthenumberofstandarddeviationsfromthemean.
Clone(克隆)
Populationofidenticalcellsormolecules(e.g.DNA),derivedfromasingleancestor.
CloningVector(克隆载体)
Amoleculethatcarriesaforeigngeneintoahost,andallows/facilitatesthemultiplicationofthatgeneinahost.Whensequencingagenethathasbeenclonedusingacloningvector(ratherthanbyPCR),careshouldbetakennottoincludethecloningvectorsequencewhenperformingsimilaritysearches.Plasmids,cosmids,phagemids,YACsandPACsareexampletypesofcloningvectors.
Clusteranalysis(聚类分析)
Amethodforgroupingtogetherasetofobjectsthataremostsimilarfromalargergroupofrelatedobjects.Therelationshipsarebasedonsomecriterionofsimilarityordifference.Forsequences,asimilarityordistancescoreorastatisticalevaluationofthosescoresisused.
Cobbler
Asinglesequencethatrepresentsthemostconservedregionsinamultiplesequencealignment.TheBLOCKSserverusesthecobblersequencetoperformadatabasesimilaritysearchasawaytoreachsequencesthataremoredivergentthanwouldbefoundusingthesinglesequencesinthealignmentforsearches.
Codingsystem(neuralnetworks)
Regardingneuralnetworks,acodingsystemneedstobedesignedforrepresentinginputandoutput.Thelevelofsuccessfoundwhentrainingthemodelwillbepartiallydependentonthequalityofthecodingsystemchosen.
CodonusageAnalysisofthecodonsusedinaparticulargeneororganism.
COG(直系同源簇)
Clustersoforthologousgroup
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