《傲慢与偏见》中言语反讽的关联理论研究.doc
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《傲慢与偏见》中言语反讽的关联理论研究.doc
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学校代码:
10036
课程论文开题报告
《傲慢与偏见》中言语反讽的关联理论研究
培养单位:
英语学院
课程名称:
语言学
研究方向:
经贸翻译
作者:
赵明玉
日期:
二〇一三年九月十日
1Introduction
Verbalironyisainterestingandsignificantphenomenainconversationalinteractions,Manyscholarshasengagedinresearchingitsoastomakeclearitscognitive-pragmaticmechanism.Andthethesis,basedontheachievementsmadewithintherelevance-theoreticframework,appliesthemethodofquantitativeaswellasqualitativeanalysisandstudiesthespecificverbalironycasesinPrideandPrejudice.Ittakesverbalironyasacaseandpresentsacomprehensiveaccountofthegenerativeandoperativemechanismsunderlyingitsuseaswellasthecommunicativeeffectsitmayproduceorisintendedtoachieveinordertofullyrevealitsrichnessofmeaning,diversityoffunctionandcomplexityofuse,especiallyinsettingupanewviewpointtocomprehendtheliterarytexts.
1.1NeedfortheStudy
Ithasbeenthousandsofyearsforstudyingirony,whichcanbetracedbacktotheancientGreeks.AfterPlato,manyscholarsfromvariousstudyingfieldsanalyzedandexplainedthiskindoflanguagephenomenon—irony.Thestudyofironyfirstoriginatedinthefieldofrhetoric.Later,manyanalysesonironyappearedinthefieldsofsemantics,psychology,pragmaticsandespeciallycognitivepragmatics.Withthedevelopmentofpragmatics,manyascholarprecededdeepandtheoreticalstudiesonitsapplication,amongwhichGrice’sinterpretationofconversationalimplicature,Searle’sinsincerespeechacttheory,andLeech’spolitenesstheorywereofgreatsignificance.In1981,SperberandWilsonopenedthedoorintoanewworldofironycomprehension.TheyproposedtreatingironyasakindofimplicitechoicdissociativeusewithintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory,developingthestudyofironicutterancesintoacognitivefield.
AccordingtoSperberandWilson,oneofthequestionsthatshouldbekeptinmindinassessinganewapproachtohumancommunicationiswhetheritisrelevanttomorethanoneofthemanydisciplinesinvolvedinthestudyofhumancommunication,suchaslinguistics,pragmatics,literarystudies,andwhetheritcouldfosterfruitfulinteractionsamongthem.Sinceliteratureisdeemedasverbal"ironyart"(Halliday,1983:
viii),literarytextsprovidethescholaroflanguagewithatestinggroundforthemostadvancedtheoreticalmodels,abasisfortheapplicationoflinguistictheories,tobeverified,furtherimprovedandperfected.Byplacingtheargumentonthebasisoftherelevance-theoreticframeworkofverbalirony,andapplyingtheframeworktothestudyofironicutterancesinliterarydiscourses,thethesisattemptstoshowthefeasibilityofapplyingtherelevance-theoreticapproachtothestudyofverbalirony.Verbalironymaythusbetreatedasatestcase:
successorfailureinthisdomainshouldhaveimplicationsforourviewofutteranceinterpretationasawholeandmakefurthercontributionstothewiderrangeofapplicationofrelevancetheory.
Inaddition,noaccountofcommunicationingeneralwillbecompletewithoutanaccountofliteratureanditscontextualization,andnoaccountofliteraturewillbecompletewithoutanaccountofitsuseofcommunicationresourcegenerallyavailable.Althoughliterarytextsarecharacterizedbythemultiplicityofcommunicationsources(characters,authors,readers,etc.),theydonotfundamentallydistinguishfromanyothertypeofcommunicationintermsoftheinterpersonalinteraction.Thewritingandreadingofliterarytextscanbeseenasinteractivecommunicativeprocesses.Giventheintegrationoftheliteraryworkintoarelevance-theoreticframeworkofverbalirony,thestudywillbenefitthelinguisticanalysisofliteraturepreciselybecauseoftherelevance-theoreticconceptsofinterpretiveandechoicuse.Thesetermsallowustoexaminethesignificanceofauthorialdistancewithinanoverallaccountofcommunicativeprocesses,thusrelievingatleastthisrespectofliteratureofitsspecialstatusandrelatingittootherformsofindirectcommunicationsuchasverbalirony.Furthermore,therelevance-theoreticapproachtocontextproposesrulesforchoosingthemostapproachtocontextforpropositions.Therefore,ittouchesoncrucialquestionsforliterarytheory.Byapplyingtheimprovedrelevance-theoreticframeworkofverbalironytothestudyofironicutterancesinliterarytexts,thethesiswillmakemethodologicalproposalsforanalyzingverbalironyinliterarytext,contextandareathatconnectsthetwo,theseproposalwillcontributetogeneralpragmatictheoryofliterature.
1.2StructureofThesis
Thethesisconsistsofsevenchapters.Thepresentchapterisintendedasageneralintroductiontothewholeresearch.
Chapter2isaliteraturereview.Ithasasurveyof,andare-speculationaboutthesemantic,pragmaticandpsycholinguisticstudyofverbalirony,andpointsouttheweaknessesofthesetheories.Thenitadducesthattheproblems,whichcannotbecopedwithinthesetheories,canberesolvedwithintherelevance-theoreticframework.
Chapters3,4,5and6formthemainbodyofthepresentinvestigation.Chapter3laysdownthetheoreticalframeworkofthepresentstudy.Thischapter,first,willsummarizethecentralclaimsofrelevancetheory.Then,arelevance-theoreticaccountofironicutteranceswillbetentativelyspeltoutandstudied.Itisarguedthatarelevance-theoreticaccount,whichtreatsverbalironyasanechoicinterpretationoftheattributedthought,utteranceorassumption,conveyingthespeaker'sattitudeofdissociation,ismorepromising.Itisalsoarguedthatarelevance-theoreticviewoftheroleofcontextualassumptionsinutteranceinterpretation,whichtreatssituationallyorganizedinformationasmerelyasubsetofthewholeinformationavailabletothehearer,offersmoreinsightintoawiderrangeofironiccases.Chapters4,5and6aredevotedtotheapplicationoftheimprovedmodelofironycomprehensiontoanalyzingverbalironyinPrideandPrejudice.Thisanalysistheonehand,showstheeffectivenessofthistheoreticalframeworkindiscourseanalysis;ontheotherhand,providesanewperspectiveontheuniquecharmofAusten’sartofverbalirony,andthereforemakesasignificantattempttocombinecognitivepragmaticswithliterarycriticism.
Finally,Chapter7summarizesthemajorfindingsfromthisresearchandpointsitslimitations.Italsoincludessuggestionsforfurtherstudy.
2Outline
2.1Basicconceptsandtheories
2.1.1VerbalIrony
Verbalirony isastatementinwhichthemeaningthataspeakeremploysissharplydifferentfromthemeaningthatisostensiblyexpressed.Theironicstatementusuallyinvolvestheexplicitexpressionofoneattitudeorevaluation,butwithindicationsintheoverallspeech-situationthatthespeakerintendsaverydifferent,andoftenopposite,attitudeorevaluation.
2.1.2RelevanceTheory
ThemainadvantageofGriceans’accountforpragmaticsisthatitprovidesanon-semanticorpragmaticaccountforthetraditionaltheoriesofmeaning.However,itremainsunclearhowhisstudycouldbedevelopedintoacompleteandpsychologicalpragmatictheory.ButinRelevance:
CommunicationandCognition(1995/2001),SperberandWilsonshiftthecenterofpragmatictheorybylocatingitfirmlyinanattemptofcognition,orRelevanceTheory.ThegeneralaimofRelevanceTheoryis“toidentifyunderlyingmechanisms,rootedinhumanpsychology,whichexplainhowhumanscommunicatewithoneanother(SperberandWilson,2001:
32).
2.1.3ContextualInformation
AccordingtoRelevanceTheory,contextisnotfixedindependentlyinthecomprehendingprocess;itisproducedorconstructedduringtheinterpretationprocess,whichdiffersitfromthatinthetraditionalview(whichholdsthatthecontextisgivenpriortotheactofcommunication).Wheninterpretinganutterance,thehearerselects,orindeedactivelyconstructs,acontextwhichseemslikelytocreatethegreatestnumberofcontextualeffectsattheleastcost.
2.1.4VerbalIronywithintheFrameworkofRelevanceTheory
SperberandWilson’sarticle“Ironyandtheuse-mentiondistinction”(1981)isanepoch-makingpaperinthelonghistoryoftheresearchingverbalirony,whichismostlydifferentfromthetraditionalviewonverbalirony,becauseitbringsaboutasignificantchangeinthewaysofstudyingverbalironyfromtheperspectiveofthecommunicativeapproach.Combinedwiththelaterdevelopment,theirtheoryofverbalironyisthuscalledtheechoic-interpretationtheoryofirony,whichwillbepresentedinthispart.Andverbalironyisperceivedasimplicitinterpretiveechoicusewithadissociativeattitude.
2.2Literaturereview
Thischapterattemptstoreviewtheapproachestovenalironythatarepredominantwithinlinguistics,movingfromsemantictopragmatictopsycholinguisticstudies,withdifferentfocusesonvariousfacetsofverbalirony.Whilesomeinsightshavebeenattained,strandsofmisunderstandingormisinterpretationstillremain.Finally,thischaptercommentsonthosepreviouseffortsinthedirectionofaunifiedandsystematicaccountwhichthepresentstudysetsouttooffer.
2.2.1Semanticstudyofverbalirony
Mostsemanticapproachestoironiccommunicationassociatethephenomenonwithsimplecommunicativeformulasuchassayingtheoppositeofwhatonemeans,orassayingsomethingotherthanwhatonemeans.Therefore,ironyistreatedasindirectspeech.AsQuintilianobserved,thereisadifferencebetweenwhattheironistsaysandwhathemeans.Andhedefinesverbalironyasthefactthatsomethingistheoppositeofwhatisactuallysaid.Manyanalystshavefallenforthisidea,toagreaterorless
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