《英美文学史》名词解释.doc
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《英美文学史》名词解释.doc
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英美文学史名词解释
1.EnglishCriticalRealism
Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostcriticizedthecapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineated(portrayed)thecrying(extremelyshocking)contradictionsofbourgeoisreality.ThegreatnessoftheEnglishrealistsliesnotonlyintheirsatiricalportrayalofbourgeoisieandintheexposureofthegreedandhypocrisyoftherulingclasses,butalsointheirsympathyforthelaboringpeople.Humorandsatireareusedtoexposeandcriticizetheseamy(dark)sideofreality.Themajorcontributionofthecriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.CharlesDickensandWilliamMakepeaceThackerayarethemostimportantrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism.
2.The"StreamofConsciousness"
The"streamofconsciousness"isapsychologicaltermindicating"thefluxofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpressionsmovinginthemindatanygiventimeindependentlyoftheperson'swill."Inlate19thcentury,theliterarydeviceof"interiormonologue"wasoriginatedinFranceasanapplicationofmodernpsychologicalknowledgetoliterarycreations.Inthe20thcentury,undertheinfluenceofFreud'stheoryofpsychologicalanalysis,anumberofwritersadoptedthe"streamofconsciousness"methodofnovelwriting.Thestrikingfeatureofthesenovelistsistheirgivingprecedencetothedepictionofthecharacters'mentalandemotionalreactionstoexternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.Indoingso,thenovelistsabandonedtheconventionalusagesofrealisticplotstructure,characterizationanddescription,andtheirworksbecamesuccessionsof"fleetingimagesoftheexternalworldmingledwiththoughtsandhalf-thoughtsandshadowsofthoughtattachedtotheimmediatepresentormovingbackandforthinmemory."JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfarethetwobestknownnovelistsofthe"streamofconsciousness".
3.Transcendentalism
TranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas"therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively".TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.
4.Renaissance
RenaissanceinEuropeanhistoryreferstotheperiodfrom14thcenturyto17thcentury."Renaissance"means"revival",therevivalofinterestinAncientGreekandRomancultureandgettingridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducingnewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.ItstartedinItalyandendedinEnglandandSpain.Renaissancehastwostrikingfeatures.Oneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;theotheristhekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.ThomasMoreandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
5.PassiveRomanticism
EnglishromanticismbeganwhenLyricalBalladwaspublishedin1798andendedin1832.ItineffectisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.Theromanticistswhosawboththecorruptionofthefeudalsocietiesandtheinhumanityofcapitalismandfeltthatthesocietydeniedpeopletheiressentialhumanneeds.Theywerediscontentedwith,andopposedtothedevelopmentofcapitalism.Someromanticwritersreflectedthethinkingofclassesruinedbythebourgeoisie,andbywayofprotestagainstcapitalismdevelopmentturnedtothefeudalpast,i.e.,the"merryoldEnglish",astheirideal,or,"frightenedbythecomingofindustrialismandthenightmaretownsofindustry,theywereturningtonaturetonatureforprotection."Theseweretheelderandsometimescalledpassiveorescapistromantics,representedbyWordsworthandColeridge.
6.Imagism
ImagismisaMovementinU.S.andEnglishpoetrycharacterizedbytheuseofconcretelanguageandfiguresofspeech,modernsubjectmatter,metricalfreedom,andavoidanceofromanticormysticalthemes,aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.ItgrewoutoftheSymbolistMovementin1912andwasinitiallyledbyEzraPound,AmyLowell,andothers.TheImagistmanifestothatcameoutin1912showedthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:
directtreatmentofthe“thing”(nofuss,frillorornament),exclusionofsuperfluouswords(precisionandeconomyofexpression),therhymeofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome(freeverseformandmusic).
7.TheLocalColorMovement
ThelocalcolormovementcameintoparticularprominenceinAmericaaftertheCivilWar,perhapsasanattempttorecapturetheglamourofapastera,ortoportraythesectionsofthereunitedcountry.Localcolorasaliteraryschoolemphasizesitssetting,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialectscostumes,landscapeorotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.Inlocalcolorliterature,onefindsthedualinfluenceofromanticismandrealismsincetheauthorfrequentlylooksawayfromordinarylifetodistantlands,strangecustoms,orexoticscenes,butretainsthroughminutedetailasenseoffidelityandaccuracyofdescription.MarkTwainisarepresentativeoftheAmericanLocalColorism.
8.TheLostGeneration
TheLostGenerationisappliedtotheAmericanwriterswhofoughtintheFirstWorldWar,voluntarilyexiledtoParis,andassociatedwiththeinformalliterarysaloonofGertrudeStein’sParishomeforacertainperiodoftime.TheywerealldisillusionedwiththeAmericanTraditionofwritingaswellasthepost-warAmericansociety.ThemosteloquentspokesmanofthegroupisEarnestHemingway.OtherwritersareEzraPound,Fitzgerald,etc..
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