考研英语时文集锦.docx
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考研英语时文集锦.docx
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考研英语时文集锦
Dealingwithspam:
Confidencegame
(2010.11.18Theecomomist)[483words]
BILLGATES,thenstillMicrosoft’sboss,wasnearlyrightin2004whenhepredictedtheendofspamintwoyears.Thankstocleverfiltersunsolicitede-mailhaslargelydisappearedasadailynuisanceformostontheinternet.Butspamisstillamenace:
blockedatthee-mailinbox,spammerspostmessagesascommentsonwebsitesandincreasinglyonsocialnetworkslikeTwitterandFacebook.Thecriminalbusinessesbehindspamarecompetitiveandcreative.Theyvaultovertechnicalfixesasfastasthehurdlesareerected.
Theanti-spamindustryhasdoneapplaudableworkinsavinge-mail.Butitisalwaysonestepbehind.Intheend,thesoftwareindustry’sinterestisinmakingmoneyfromtheproblem(bysellingsubscriptionstoregularsecurityupdates)ratherthantacklingitatitssource.
Law-enforcementagencieshavehadsomesuccessshuttingdownspam-controlserversinAmericaandtheNetherlands.Butasoneplacebecomesunfriendly,spammersmovesomewhereelse.Internetconnectionsinpoorandill-runcountriesareimprovingfasterthantheauthoritiestherecanpolicethem.Thatwon’tendsoon.
Inanycase,therealproblemisnotthemessage,butthelink.Sometimesanunwiseclickleadsonlytoawebsitethatsellscounterfeitpills.Butitcanalsoleadtoapagethatinfectsyourcomputerwithavirusoranotherpieceofmalicioussoftwarethatthenstealsyourpasswordsorusesyourmachineforothernefariouspurposes.Spamwasneveraboute-mail;itwasaboutconvincingustoclick.Tothespammer,itismootwhetherthelinkise-mailed,tweetedorliked.
Thepolicearedoingwhattheycan,andsoftwarecompanieskeepontighteningsecurity.Butspamisnotjustahackoracrime,itisasocialproblem,too.Ifyoulookbeyondthecomputersthatliebetweenaspammerandhismark,youcanseealltheclassictechniquesofacon-man:
buythisstock,beforeeveryoneelsedoes.Buythesepills,thiswatch,cheaperthananyoneelsecan.Thespammerplaysupontheuniversalhumandesiretobelievethatwearesmarterthananyonegivesuscreditfor,andthatthingscanbehadfornothing.Asinotherwalksoflife,peoplebecomewiserandtakeprecautionsonlywhentheyhavelearnedwhathappenswhentheydon’t.
Thatiswhythespammers’newarena—socialnetworks—issoeffective.Afewfiddlesmighthelp,suchastougherdefaultprivacysettingsonsocialnetworks.Buttherealproblemisman,notthemachine.Publicbehaviourstilltreatstheinternetlikeavillage,inwhichnewfacesarewelcomeandanti-socialbehaviourararity.Abetteranalogywouldbearailwaystationinabigcity,wherehustlersgathertopreyonthecredulityofnewarrivals.Wisebehaviourinsuchplacesistowalkfast,avoideyecontactandbebrusquewithstrangers.Trythatonline.
AGenetoExplainDepression
(2011.1.3Time)[459words]
Aspowerfulasgenesareinexposingcluestodiseases,noteventhemostpassionate
believesthatcomplexconditionssuchasdepressioncanbereducedtoa
stringofDNA.
Butanewstudyconfirmsearlierevidencethataparticulargene,involvedin
abrainchemicalcriticaltomoodknownas
mayplayarolein
thementaldisorderinsomepeople.
ResearchersledbyDr.SrijanSen,aprofessorofpsychiatryatUniversityofMichigan,reportinthe
ofGeneralPsychiatrythatindividualswithaparticularformoftheserotonintransportergeneweremorevulnerabletodevelopingdepressionwhenfacedwithstressfullifeeventssuchashavingaseriousmedicalillnessorbeingavictimofchildhoodabuse.Theformofthegenethattheseindividualsinheritpreventsthemood-regulatingserotoninfrombeingre-absorbedbynervecellsinthebrain.Havingsuchalow-functioningversionofthetransporterstartingearlyinlifeappearstosettheseindividualsupfordevelopingdepressionlateron,althoughtheexactrelationshipbetweenthisgene,stress,anddepressionisn’tclearyet.
Sen’sresultsconfirmthoseofa
studyin2003,inwhichscientistsforthefirsttimeconfirmedthelinkbetweengenesandenvironmentindepression.Inthatstudy,whichinvolvedmorethan800subjects,individualswiththegenecodingforthelessfunctionalserotonintransporterweremorelikelytodevelopdepressionfollowingastressfullifeeventthanthosewiththemorefunctionalformofthegene.Butthesefindingswerequestionedbya2009analysisinwhichscientists
14studiesinvestigatingtherelationshipbetweentheserotonintransportergene,depressionandstress,andfoundnoheightenedriskofdepressionamongthosewithdifferentversionsofthegene.
“OneofthehopesIhaveisthatwecansettlethisstory,andmoveontolookingmorebroadlyacrossthe
formorefactorsrelatedtodepression,”hesays.“Ideallywewouldliketofindapanelofdifferentgeneticvariationsthatgotogethertohelpuspredictwhoisgoingtorespondpoorlytostress,andwhomightrespondwelltospecifictypesoftreatmentasopposedtoothers.”Hebelievesthatthe2009findingsdonotcontradictthosefrom2003,orthelatestresults,butratherreflectadifferenceinthewaythestudywasconducted.
Senstresses,however,thatthisgeneisonlyoneplayerinthecastofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsthatcontributetodepression.“Allthingsconsidered,this[gene]isarelativelysmallfactor,andforthisfindingtobe
useful,wereallyneedtofindmany,manymorefactors.Ultimatelywemayidentifynewpathwaysthatareinvolvedindepressiontocomeupwithnewandbettertreatments.”
SecondThoughtsonOnlineEducation
(2010.9NewYorkTimes)[415words]
Letthecomputerdotheteaching.Somestudies,expertopinionandcostpressuresallpointtowardacontinuingshiftofeducationonline.
Amajorstudylastyear,fundedbytheEducationDepartment,whichcoveredcomparativeresearchover12years,concludedthatonlinelearningonaveragebeatface-to-faceteachingbyamodest1butstatisticallymeaningfulmargin2.
BillGates,whosefoundationfundsalotofeducationprograms,predictedlastmonththatinfiveyearsmuchofcollegeeducationwillhavegoneonline.“Theself-motivatedlearnerwillbeontheWeb,”Mr.Gatessaid,speakingattheTechonomyconferenceinLakeTahoe.“Collegeneedstobelessplace-based.”
Butrecentresearch,publishedasaNationalBureauofEconomicResearchworkingpaper,comestoadifferentconclusion.“Arushtoonlineeducationmaycomeatmoreofacostthaneducatorsmaysuspect,”theauthorswrite.
Theresearchwasahead-to-headexperiment,comparingthegradesachievedinthesameintroductoryeconomicsclassbystudents—onegrouponline,andoneinclassroomlectures.
Certaingroupsdidnotablyworseonline.Hispanic3studentsonlinefellnearlyafullgradelowerthanHispanicstudentsthattookthecourseinclass.Malestudentsdidaboutahalf-gradeworseonline,asdidlow-achievers,whichhadcollegegrade-pointaveragesbelowthemeanfortheuniversity.
Thedifferencecertainlywasnotattributable4tomachinesreplacingatutorial-stylehumanteachingenvironment.Instead,theclassroomwasalargelecturehallseatinghundredsofstudents.
Initially,DavidFiglio,aneconomistatNorthwesternUniversityandco-authorofthepaper,saidhehadthoughtthattheflexibility5oftheInternet—theabilityto“gobackandrollthetape”—wouldprobablygivetheonlinecoursework6anedgeovertraditional“chalkandtalkteaching.”
Theonlinelectureswerewelldone,usingaprofessionalproducerandcameraman7.“Ithadverymuchthefeelofbeingintheroom,”Mr.Figliosaid.
Sowhataccountsforthedifferenceinoutcomes8?
Mr.Figliohasafewtheories.Forthepoorerperformanceofmalesandlower-achievers,hesaysthetime-shiftingconvenienceoftheWebmadeiteasierforstudentstoputoffviewingthelecturesandcram9justbeforethetest,atactic10unlikelytoproducethebestpossibleresults.
It’spartlyastereotype11butalsopartlytrue,Mr.Figliosays,thatfemalestudentstendtobebetterattimemanagement,spreadingtheirstudytimeoverasemester,thanmales.“AndtheInternetmakesiteasiertoputoff12theunpleasantthing,attendingthelecture,”hesaid.
1.modest/ˈ/ɔdɪs///adj.谦虚的,/谦恭的;适中的,/适度的;些许的
2.margin/ˈ/ɑ:
dʒɪn//n.页边空白;边,/边缘;差数,/差额
3.Hispanic/hɪsˈs//nɪ///adj.西班牙和葡萄牙的
4.attributable/əˈtrɪbjətəbl/adj.可归因于,可能由于
5.flexibility/ˌfleksɪˈbɪlɪtɪ/n.灵活性;柔韧性
6.coursework/ˈkɔ:
swɜ:
k/n.课程作业
7.cameraman/ˈkæmərəmæn/n.摄影师
8.outcome/ˈaʊtkʌm/n.结果
9.cram/kræm/v.挤满,塞满;临时死记硬背
10.tactic/ˈ/////ɪ///n.兵法;方法,/策略;手段;招数
11.stereotype/ˈsterɪətaɪp/n.模式化观念,老一套,刻板形象
12.putoff撤销,取消
TheKidsCan’tHelpIt
(2010.12.16Newsweek)[372words]
Whatnewresearchrevealsabouttheadolescentbrain—fromwhykidsbullytohowtheteenyearsshapetherestofyourlife.
Theysayyouneverescapehighschool.Andforbetterorworse,scienceislendingsomecredibilitytothatoldsaw.Thankstosophisticatedimagingtechnologyandaraftoflongitudinalstudies,we’relearningthattheteenyearsareaperiodofcrucialbraindevelopmentsubjecttoahostofenvironmentalandgeneticfactors.Thisemergingresearchshedslightnotonlyonwhyteenagersacttheywaytheydo,buthowtheexperiencesofadolescence—fromrejectiontobingedrinking—canaffectwhowebecomeasadults,howwehandlestress,andthewaywebondwithothers.
Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesinthisareaofstudy,saysDr.FrancesJensen,aneuroscientistatHarvard,isthatourbrainsarenotfinishedmaturingbyadolescence,aswaspreviouslythought.Adolescentbrains“areonlyabout80percentofthewaytomaturity,”shesaidattheannualmeetingoftheSocie
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