Semantics.docx
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Semantics.docx
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Semantics
p.1
(1)divination==askilloractofsayingwhatwillhappeninthefutureordiscoveringsomethingbymagicalmethod(Greek)
(2)AmericanPhilologicalAssociation(APA,美国语言协会)---Foundin1869byprofessors,friendsandpatrons,whichwastheprincipallearnedsocietyinNorthAmericaforthestudyofancientGreekandRomanlanguages,literatureandcivilization.
(3)science===techniqueandknowledge
p.2
(1)Malinowski---AfamousEnglishanthropologist(1884-1942)
(Materialsandsocialideologiescanberetainedandspreadsolongastheycansatisfiedhuman’smaterialneedandsocialneed.---AScientificTheoryofCulture,1922)
FromtheperspectiveofFunctionalismSchool(功能学派,1920s–50s)
(Allculturalphenomenamayhavethefunctionofsatisfyingman’sneedinthelife.)
(2)shapeofthings==theappearanceofobjects
(3)scienceofsignifies===meaningofsymbols
(4)SemanticmanoveuvresatPentagon
Homelessnessreducedtosemantics
Manoveuvres==retreat
Semanticandsemantics===thestageofcontrolling
P3
(1)naturalmeaningandconventionalmeaning---cognitiveandnormalized
(cloud,trafficlight)
(2)Languageismorelike………
P.4
(1)Obscuretermsandtechnicalterms----toadopttermsfuzzilyandmethodologically
(2)acurioususe===therelationbetweenliteralmeaningandintentionalmeaning
p.5
(1)Allinall,itseemsthat……
So,1.1indicatesthat:
(1)Semanticsisabranchofstudyoflinguistics.(Concerningotherlinguisticdisciplines)
(1)Theoriginaloftheterm“semantics”shouldbeclarifiedifwewanttotouchthestudyofmeaning.(adoptingdevelopingviewsofstudy)
(2)Meaningisacomplexthingbecauseofman’scognitivefactorsandtheexistenceofdifferentlanguages.(thinkingofotherrelateddisciplines)
P.5
(1)FerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)---regardedas“thefatherofmodernlinguistics”.Hismajorcontributionstothestudyoflinguistics:
diachronicandsynchroniclinguistics;paradigmatic(聚合)methodandsyntagmatic(组合)methodandtherelationbetweenlanguage(langue)andspeaking(parole).Hewasgreatlyinfluencedbyfourpersons:
Aristotle(384-322B.C.),Humboldt(1767-1835),CharlesRobertDarwin(1809-1882)andEmileDurkhelm(1858-1917).
(2)plausibility===reasonabilityandthedegreeoftruth
(3)signifier(能指)andsignified(所指)
Signifier---pointingfinger,theword,thesoundimage
Signified---concept,themeaning,thethingindicatedbysignifier
p.6
(1)First,language….;secondly,inlanguage……===therelationsbetweenmeaningandfunctioninlanguages.
(2)thedifferencebetweenscientificstudyoflanguageandempiricalstudyoflanguage==theoreticalstudyandpracticalstudy(test),formeaningcanbeunderstoodfromkindsofaspects
p.7
(1)Chomsky(1957):
“competence”and“performance”===competencemeansman’sidealizedcapacity;performancestatesfortheproductionofactualutterance.
JohnLyons(1973):
“competence”isanideal,apsychologicalormentalpropertyorfunction
Hymes(1974):
“competence”iscommunication.
Paulston(1992):
“competence”referstothesociallyappropriateuseoflanguage.
Velenzuela(1998):
“competence”isasocialconstructionoflanguagecommunication.
(differencefortheabove?
)
p.8
(1)…..Withoutanyclearempiricalbasis----tellingusthedifferencesamongtheabove.
(2)JohnLyons’“sentencemeaning”----grammaticalandlexicalmeaningsinacontextualsituation,“Secondary”aspectsofmeaning.Deepmeaning?
themeaningbeyondthewords?
The1.2indicatesthefollowing:
(1)Meaningcloselyrelatestoword,butthesetwoarenotidentical.
(2)Learninglinguisticsisthebasicstepofstudyingmeaning.
p.9
(1)Bloomfield(1887-1949)-----theimportantpreventativeofstructurallinguistics,hisworkLanguage(1933),28chapters,includingallaspectsoflanguage,andwhichwasbasedonhisearlyworkAnIntroductiontotheStudyofLanguage.Hismajorcontributiontolinguisticsisthemethodofstudylanguage,whichisfromtheperspectiveofall-roundways.
p.10
(1)comparativephilology----averyimportantbranchoflinguisticstudy,whichhasanothernameHistoricalComparativeLinguistics,appearinginthe19thcenturyThefocusofthestudyistherelationsofkinship.(Grimm,BopandRask)
(2)soundlaws----tocomparetwolanguagesbytheirpronunciations.Grimm’sLawinProto-Germanic;Bergmann’slawinProto-Indo-Iranian;Winter’slawandHart’slawinBalto-Slavic
(Question:
ChineseandEnglish?
Accordingtolanguagefamily?
)
p.11
(1)etymology(词源学)---thestudyoftheorigins,historyandchangingmeaningofwords,or,totraceandstatetheetymologyofword.E.g.catt----cat;docga---dog;Buddha(觉悟)–佛.(中国的训诂学称之为“声训”。
)
p.12
(1)diachronicandsynchroniclinguistics-----theformerreferstothestudyofhowalanguagechangesoveraperiodoftime,andthelatteristhestudyofalanguagesystematoneparticularpointintime.
The1.3indicatesthefollowing:
(1)comparativewayandetymologyaretwomajorchannelsforstudyingmeaningofword,whichiscalledhistoricalsemantics.
(2)Therearetwowayscalleddiachronicandsynchronicwayswhicharestillthebestneedforthestudyofmeaning.
p.13
(1)therelationofphilosophyandlinguistics---fromthreeaspects:
(1)KarlPopper(1902–1994):
“threeworlds”:
textualworld,physicalworldandmentalworld;
(2)Lacan’s(1901-1981)“threedimensions’”ofthinking:
existence,symbolandimagination;(3)theapplicationoftropesofdiscourse:
metaphor,metonymy(借代),antonomasia(换称)andsoforth.Allthesefocusonthepointof“linguisticturn”(语言学转换),whichwasfirstproposedintheworkLogicandRealitywrittenbyBergman.ThenanotherbookLinguisticTurn:
essaysinphilosophicalmethodbyLodi.
(2)psychologyandlinguistics----theoryofbehaviorism(19thcentury);thestructurallinguistics(theearlyperiodofthe20thcentury);informationtheory(1950s-60s).
Anotheraspect:
Vygostky’sstudyofutterance:
motivation---thinking---innerwords---meaningexpressingindirectly-----meaningexpressingdirectly
(3)philosophyofscience---adisciplineconcernedwiththeassumptions,foundations,methodsandimplicationofscience.Itappearedinthe20thcentury.
p.14
(1)psycholinguistics----thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenpsychologicalstructureandlinguisticstructure,concerningwithnearlyallfieldsoflinguistics
The1.4tellsusthatweshouldconcernotherrelateddisciplinesifwewanttolearnsemanticswell,forlanguageiscloselyrelatedtoeveryaspectofourlife.
p.17
1.primafacieplausible----itseemsthesamethatcanbeacceptedreasonably
2.Cratylus----linguisticconvention,alanguagewhichisregardedasdealingwithwordandtheworldobject.(thesamewordwithdifferentobjects).Thus,formanyyears,peoplewouldregardCratylusasonekindofetymologyoraspeciallinguistics.(theproblemofnamingandlabeling)
p.18
1.thetermsof“denotation”and“reference”----therelationshipbetweenthemfocuseson“referinparticularto”and“inageneralsense”
2.therelationbetween“aword”and“aphrase”
P.19
1.Word==Object
Objectwhichisexperienced
Objectwhichtobesensed
(objectworldandpsychologicalworld”whichcanproduceentitywordsandconceptwords.)
p.20
1.venus==morningstar
eveningstar
(thesameobjectwithdifferentmeanings)
e.g.awoman==wife(relationshipwithhusband)
mother(relationshipwithsonordaughter)
sister(relationshipwithhersittersorbrothers)
grandmother(relationshipwithgrandsonorgranddaughter)
aunt(relationshipwithnepheworniece)
2.Pooh-Bah(普—巴):
veryimportantperson
Gilbert&Sullivan:
TheMikado(1885),acomedy(御门),equaltoJapaneseemperor
TitleofMikado:
thelordhigheverythingelse(样样管大臣)
“pooh”and“boh”mean“呸”inChinese,anironicaltone.
Implication:
Threetermscanbeconsideredsuchas“semanticfiled”(语义场),“semanticdistance”(语义距离)and“conceptdependency”(概念依存).
Trier(Germany)proposedTheTheoryofSemanticField.(implicittransfer,explicittransfer)
Semanticfield---classificationsemanticfield
orderedsemanticfield
relationsemanticfield
antonymicsemanticfield
polarizedsemanticfield
partly-negativesemanticfield(hot,warm,cool,cold)
synonymicsemanticfield
(relationmeaning:
concept)
(mentalmeaning:
concept)
Characteristics:
Different
Changeable
Temporary
Hierarchical
3.anotherdifficulty:
fuzzycharacteristicofmeaningofanobject(hierarchicalfactor)
Implication:
Thedifferenceandargumentbetweenrealist’view(实体论,ontology)andnominal’s’view(唯名论,nominalism)
Besides,Plato’srealism(唯实论),universalism(共相论)
Focus:
objectiveandsubjective.
p.21
1.naturalclassanduniversalclass:
LanguageA===/==LanguageBinmeaning.
Naturalclass---itreferstoacompletesetofsoundswithinalanguagethatcanbedescribedbyoneormorephoneticfeatureswhichtheyhaveincommon.(p,t,k…..)
Universalclass---itiscommontoalllanguagesifdealingwithlinguistics.
2.Malinowski’sexample:
wordscreatedfordailylife
3.Boas---AGerman-Americananthropologist.Hewastitledas“thefatherofAmericananthropology”,”thefatherofmodernanthropology”.Hisacademicfieldsincludedphysicalanthropology,linguistics,archaeology(考古学)andculturalanthropology.Hisworksorarticlesforlinguistics:
TheMindofPrimitiveMan(1911)andOnAlternatingSounds(1888).Contributions:
createdthedistinctionofphonemics(音位学)andphonetics;influencedonthefieldofstudyofDescriptiveLinguistics.
Boas’sexample
(languageofnationalityandregionalization)
Objecthasmeaning,buth
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