工作中创新的必要性Word文档格式.docx
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工作中创新的必要性Word文档格式.docx
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本文指出在创新过程中的创新思路和技能,研究角色技能在劳动力市场中占据的比重,以及创新活动中描述和职业参与的量化技能的多样性。
罗马尼亚的公共资金与欧盟成员国资金相比,行动的主要方向以促进创新和建立创新政策的原则。
我们举一个现实的研究案例,假设需要把罗马尼亚劳工市场变为“永久”[1],会出现增加竞争力、市场动态、使用新技术、信息的数量、工作不安全感、劳动力市场波动等。
这些过程的出现会使失业率上升和长时间的经济危机发生的加剧,通过终身学习会发现,灵活运用劳动力市场和就业保障的转型才可能保证不使这一现象全球化。
Inthecontextofrapidchanges,lifelonglearningisessentialinkeepingpeopleinemploymentbymakingagoodaspossiblecorrespondencebetweennewskillsandbetterjobs.Theincreasedflexibilityoflabourmarketduetotheneedtoincreaseadaptabilityandcompetitivenessmustbebalancedbyinstantflexiblelifelonglearningprograms,whichpromoteinnovationandcreativity(learningbydoingandlearningbyusing).Thearticledefinesinnovationandskills,investigatestheroleoflabormarketskillsintheinnovationprocess,describesandquantifiesthediversityofskillsandoccupationsinvolvedinspecifictypesofinnovationactivity.HavinginmindRomanian’slowpublicfundingcomparedtotheEUStates,theprinciplesoftheinnovationpolicyandmaindirectionsofactionareestablishedinordertopromoteinnovation.
Weconsideranusefulandtimelystudy,giventheneedtobringtheRomanianlabormarketto"
permanentrush"
[1],thatincreasecompetitiveness,dynamicmarkets,usingnewtechnologies,thevolumeofinformation,jobinsecurity,labormarketvolatilityetc.Theseprocessesappeareddifficulttocontroltheintensificationofglobalization,risingunemploymentandtheoccurrenceofprolongedeconomiccrisisthatrequiresthetransformationoftheflexiblelabormarketandemploymentsecuritybyensuringthecontinuoustrainingwhichhasaprimaryrole.Thenextperiodwillbecharacterizedbydynamicgrowthmarketsandcompanieswillbelookingforinnovativestaff,welltrainedtocontributetotimelycompletionofprojects,adaptedtofluctuatingmarket:
sharpincreaseinproduction,ordersandcircumstantialcontingencies.Inthenewcontext,competitivenessisnotsomethingoptionalentrypriceishimselfonthecourt
(1).EverythingchangesinameasuretocounteractacceleratedandemergingchallengestolookforanotheranswerthatwillleadtoincreasingadaptabilityoflabormarketsinparticularEuropeanandRomanianlabormarket.Thesolutionfoundbyacademicsandscientiststothischallengewastheconceptofflexicurity,basedonthefundamentalideathatthetwodimensionsofflexibilityandsecurityarenotcontradictory,butsupporteachother.Theconcepthasbeenwidelydebatedandinterpreteddifferentlybythesocialpartners,thereareseveraldefinitions,amongwhich,asapoliticalstrategy[3]orasamultidimensionalconcept[4].Therefore,adaptingtonewchanges,requiremoreflexiblelabormarketcombinedwithlevelsofsecurity,addressingthenewneedsofemployeesandemployers.People'
sconfidenceinfutureemploymentopportunitiesinhumancapital,indecentworkandlabormarketdevelopmentneedsurgentlytobestrengthened.Atthesametime,companiesrequireanappropriatebusinessclimate,transparentandlegalframeworktoincreasebusinesspotentialandcreatenewjobs.Securityrelatestotrainingopportunitiesforallworkers,especiallythosewithlowskillsandolderworkerstoenhanceskillsandachievingupwardmobility.Inconclusion,itwantsanewinteractionbetweenflexibilityandsecuritythatemphasizesthepotentialofobtainingresultssuchas"
win-win"
(advantageousforbothemployersandemployees),whereitwastraditionallyperceivedasaconflictofinterest[5].
Increasedflexibilityoflabormarketsduetotheneedtoincreasecompetitivenessmustbeoffsetbycontinuingflexibletrainingprograms,courtsthatpromoteinnovationandcreativity.Competencies(skills)forlaborinnovationhaveakeyroleinincreasinginnovationwhichhasnowbecomeadecisivefactorofeconomicdevelopment.Forcompaniestoadaptquicklyandsuccessfullythenewchallengesneedinnovativeemployeestobeunitedforthesamepurpose.Ingeneral,thereisacausalrelationshipbetweenincreaseddemandforhighlevelsofeducation,trainingandskillsandoffertechnicalandorganizationalinnovation.Intheliterature,hasshownthatinvestmentinequipment,innovationandhumancapitalaregenerallycomplementaryandmutuallyreinforcing.Risingskillrequirementisdetermined,ontheotherhand,theintensityofcompetitionhaschangedthestrategyofmanycompaniesacrossthediversifiedqualityproduction.Ontheotherhand,indevelopinganddisseminatingtechnicalandorganizationalinnovationsanimportantroleisplayedbynon-S&
TWorkforce.Intheliteraturetherearemanydefinitionsoftheconceptof"
skill"
andthereisnogenerallyacceptedprecisedefinition(TheNotionof"
hasbeenoneofthemostelusiveandhardesttodefineconceptsinLaborEconomics"
(Lafer,G.(2002),
TheJobsTrainingCharade,CornellUniversityPress,IthacaandLondon,2002:
75).Ingeneral,thisconceptreferstoassetsproductiveworkforce,whichareacquiredthroughlearningactivities.InBussinesDictionary,theconceptof"
skills"
isdefinedas"
AnAcquiredAbilityandcapacitythroughdeliberate,systematically,andSustainedefforttosmoothlyandadaptivelycarryoutactivitiesorjobfunctionsinvolvingcomplexideas(cognitiveskills),things(technicalskills),and/orpeople(interpersonalskills)"
.Themainindicatorsusedintheliteraturethatreflectstheimpactoftechnologicalchangeonthequalificationsare:
distributionofemploymentbylevelofoccupation,employmentdistributionbylevelofeducation,methodsofallocationoflaborbylevelofeducationandbelongingtoasectorofperformance(inmeaningofstatisticsinRomania),measuringchangesinjobtasksandcharacteristicattributesneededtosucceedatwork,studiesofemployersoremployeestodetermineskilllevelsneededtosucceedatwork.Investmentininnovationintensityisnothomogeneousontheeconomy,butvariesconsiderablydependingofindustryandcompanysize.Investmentgeneratesavarietyofskillsworkforceneededtoimplementactivities.
Innovationisdefinedas"
theimplementationoftheneworsignificantlyimprovedproduct(goodorservice),orprocess,anewmarketingmethodoranewmethodinbusinessOrganisationalpractices,workplaceorganizationorexternalrelations"
(OsloManual,ThirdEdition,OECDandEurostat,2005:
46).Researchanddevelopmentisakeypartofinnovationactivity,definedintheliteratureas"
creativeworkundertakensystematicallyonthebasisinordertoincreasethestockofknowledge,includingknowledgeofpeople,cultureandsociety,andtheuseofthisstockofknowledgetodevisenewapplications"
(FrascatiManual,6thedition,OECD2002b)."
Researchdevelopmentincludesthreeactivities:
basicresearch,appliedresearchandexperimentaldevelopment.Toidentifytheimportantskillsinachievinginnovationstudieshavebeenundertaken[5]whichrevealedthatoveraquarterofbusinessthathaveinnovatedbelievethatlackofqualifiedpersonnelwasaconstraintintheirabilitytoinnovate.Otherfactorssuchasdirectcost,smallsizeandexcessiveriskmarketbarriershavebeenidentifiedasahighpercentageofcompaniesthathaveinnovated.Thereareavarietyofnecessaryskillsforinnovationandalsodifficulttoachieveacorrelationbetweendifferentmeasuresofskills,suchasoccupationandeducation,ontheonehandandintensityofinnovationintheindustry,ontheother.
Analyzingthedistributionoflaborbysexandeducationallevel,Figure1.,Wecanseethatwomenrepresentthelargestshareintotalworkforcewithhigherlevelsofeducation,collegesofsupervisorsandspecializedortechnicalschool-namely,50;
66%;
50,.36%and48,24%.Instead,onecanobserveahigherproportionofmenamonggraduatesofvocationalschoolsandapprenticeship–70,83%respectively,comparedto29,17%forwomen,indicatingthatmenleaveearlyandstartthebusinesseducation.Althoughlevelofeducationofwomenishighermen,itseemsthatfurtherprofessionaldevelopment,careeradvancementofwomenthatismuchslower,requiringimplementationofspecificmeasurestoaccelerateit.
Regardingthedistributionoftheoccupationsoftheemployedpopulationin2010,themajorityofpeopleareinthegroupofoccupations"
skilledworkersinagriculture,forestry,hunting,fishingandfisheries"
inpercentageof24,2%,followedthegroup"
Otheroccupations"
asapercentageof22,6%,occupationsclusterswithfeweremployedpeopleare"
Leadersofpublicauthoritiesatalllevels..."
1,9%,followedbygroup"
administrativeofficials"
4,6%.Notethatthegroupofoccupations"
specialistswithhigherqualifications"
includesonly10,8%oftheemployedpersons.Also,menarepresentinagreatergroupsofoccupationsthatrequiresubstantialphysicaleffort–79,19%ofallskilledworkersinindustrial,construction,transportation,telecommunicationsetc.and58,64%ofunskilledworkers.
Theanalysisofdistributionofemploymentbyeducationleveloflong-termeducationmaynoticecertainchangesinthisperiod.Thus,giventhegrowthof69%intheperiod2000-2010,respectivelyfromto1.314.661people,peoplewithhighereducationcategoryoccupied"
specialistwithhighereducationandscientific"
variedalittlebetween68.75%and71.5%,reachingin2010,69.06%oftotalvalue.Categoryofoccupation"
Farmersandworkersskilledinagriculture,forestryandfishing"
postedasignificantdropintheshareofworkerswithhigherlong-termeducation,indicatingalowtechofthefieldand,therefore,theinnovationinthisbasiceconomicactivity.
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