西北大学博士英语真题.docx
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西北大学博士英语真题.docx
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西北大学博士英语真题
西北大学2011年博士英语真题
PartI:
StructureandVocabulary(20%)
Directions:
Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletter.
1.____morethan65,000describedspeciesofprotozoa,ofwhichmorethanhalfarefossils.
A.
BeingChatthereare
B.
Therebeing
C.
Arethere
D.
Thereare
2.Though____inherpersonallife,EdnaSt.VincentMillaywasnonetheless____aboutherwork,usuallyproducingseveralpagesofcomplicatedrhymeinaday.
A.
jaded,feckless
B.
verbose,Ascetic
C.
impulsive,disciplined
D.
self-assured,sanguine
3.AlthoughTomwasawarethatitwouldbe____todisplayannoyancepubliclyatthesalesconference,hecouldnot____hisirritationwiththeclient’sunreasonabledemands.
A.
inadvisable,evince
B.
efficacious,suppress
C.
captious,express
D.
impolitic,chide
4.Uncertaintydiffersfromriskinthat____basisforestimatingtheprobabilityofeachpotentialconditionoccurring.
A.
thereisno
B.
althoughno
C.
thereisnot
D.
itisnot
5.Notingthatfewemployeesshowedany____forcomplyingwiththecorporation’snewsafetyregulations,Petersonwasforcedtoconcludethatacceptanceoftheregulationswouldbe____,atbest.
A.
aptitude,unavoidable
B.
enthusiasm,grudging
C.
respect,negotiable
D.
patience,imminent
6.TheaveragelevelofUnitedStatespricesgrewverylittlefrom1953untilthemid-1960’swhen____.
A.
didinflationbegin
B.
inflationbegan
C.
thebeginningofinflation
D.
didthebeginningofinflation
7.Onetheoryaboutintelligencesees____asthelogicalstructureunderlyingthinkingandinsiststhatsinceanimalsaremute,theymustbe____aswell.
A.
behavior,inactive
B.
heredity,thoughtful
C.
adaptation,brutal
D.
language,mindless
8.EventhoughthefolktalesPerroultcollectedandretoldwerenotsolelyFrenchinorigin,hisversionsofthemweresodecidedlyFrenchinstylethatlateranthologizesofFrenchfolktaleshavenever____them.
A.
excluded
B.
admired
C.
collected
D.
promoted
9.AuthorSraahJewettestablishedherliteraryreputationwithDeepHaven,acollectionofsketches____.
A.
withruralMainelife
B.
thatliferuralMaine
C.
aboutlifeinMainelife
D.
lifeinruralMaine
10.Inthelate1860’s,taxeswerechangedinthesouthernUStorequirepaymentformplantationownersjust____fromlandlessindividuals.
A.
despite
B.
whereas
C.
ratherthan
D.
other
11.Schoolstartedonacold____dayinFebruary.
A.
severe
B.
hitter
C.
such
D.
frozen
12.Becauseoftheeconomiccrisis,industrialoutputintheregionremained____.
A.
motionless
B.
inactive
C.
stagnant
D.
immobile
13.Thebasicpremisebehindallagriculturalproductionis____availabletherichesofthesoilforhumanconsumption.
A.
tobemade
B.
themaking
C.
makingis
D.
tomake
14.Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillthere.She____bybus.
A.
musthavegone
B.
shouldhavegone
C.
oughttohavegone
D.
couldhavegone
15.Unlikeothercreatures,whoareshapedlargelybytheir____environment,humanbeingsareproductsofacultureaccumulatedovercenturies,yetonethatisconstantlybeing____bymassiveinfusionsofnewinformationfromeverywhere.
A.
harsh,unconfirmed
B.
surrounding,upheld
C.
immediate,transformed
D.
natural,mechanized
16.Amineralisany____solidthathasadefinitechemicalcompositionandadistinctiveinternalcrystalstructure.
A.
naturaloccurrenceofhomogeneous
B.
naturallyoccurringhomogeneous
C.
occurringnaturallyhomogeneous
D.
homogeneouslynaturallyoccurred
17.Paradoxically,England’scolonizationofNorthAmericawas____byitssuccess:
theincreasingprosperityofthecoloniesdiminishedtheirdependenceupon,andhencetheirloyaltyhomecountry.
A.
demonstrated
B.
determined
C.
undermined
D.
distinguish
18.Alltropicalstormsdevelopoverwaterthatiswarmenoughtosupplyappreciablequantitiesofvaportotheair,____theareastowatchforthedevelopmentoftropicalstorms.
A.
asitlimited
B.
tolimits
C.
limiting
D.
wasalimitto
19.Theflowersfromlackofwater____.
A.
withered
B.
flourished
C.
vanished
D.
stoppedgrowing
20.Theabilitytocommunicateideasandinstructionswas____fortheincredibledevelopmentofthefrontalbrainlobeinhumanbeing.
A.
necessaryallthat
B.
allthatwasnecessary
C.
allthenecessitiesthat
D.
suchthatallthenecessities
PartII:
ReadingComprehension(20%)
Directions:
Eachofthetextsbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Makethebestchoiceforeachquestion,andmakeyouchoiceontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletter.
Passage1
Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichandengravingaretwoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanimagebearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageaddstoit,butinreverse.
ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotextiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiles,decorationandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess.First,theartisttakeablockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhitegroundandthendrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Thewoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppapereitherbyhandorwithaprintingpress.
Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith’sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,“tocarve”).Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Animpressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothatthepaperpicksuptheink.
Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.
21.Whatdoesthetextmainlydiscuss?
A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration.
B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints.
C.Twotypesofprintmaking.
D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking.
22.Theauthor’spurposesinParagraph2istodescribe________.
A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury
B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry
C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut
D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope
23.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthatit________.
A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths
B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin
C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury
D.involvescarvingintoametalplate
24.Accordingtothetext,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?
A.Theirdesignsarcslightlyraised.
B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.
C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.
D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.
25.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmadeitpossibleformembersofthegeneralpublictoownprintsinthesixteenthcentury?
A.Printscouldbemadeatlowcost.
B.Thequalityofpaperandinkhadimproved.
C.Manypeoplebecameinvolvedintheprintmakingindustry
D.Decreaseddemandforprintskeptpricesaffordable.
26.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutprintsEXCEPTthatthey________.
A.canbereproducedonmaterialsotherthanpaper
B.arccreatedfromareversedimage
C.showvariationsbetweenlightanddarkshades
D.requireaprintingpress
Passage2
Nowelsewhereintheworld,Icelandmaybespokenof,somewhatbreathlessly,asWesternEurope’slastpristinewilderness.ButtheenvironmentalawarenessthatissweepingtheworldhadbypassedthemajorityofIcelanders.Certainlytheywereconnectedtotheirland,thewayoneiscomplicatedlyconnectedto,orencumberedby,familyonecan’tdoanythingabout.Butthetruthisonceyou’reoffthebeatenpathsofthelow-lyingcoastalareaswhereeveryonelives,theroadsarefew,andthey’reallbad,soIceland’snaturalwondershavebeenoutofreachandunknowneventoitsowninhabitants.Forthemthelandhasalwaysjustbeenthere,somethingthathadtobedealtwithand,ifpossible,exploitedthemind-set,beingoneoflandascommodityratherthanlandaswell,andpricelessartonthescaleoftheMonaLisa.
Whentheopportunityarosein2003forthenationalpowercompanytoenterintoa40-yearcontractwiththeAmericanaluminumcompanyAlcoatosupplyhydroelectricp
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