考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit18.docx
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考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit18.docx
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考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit18
Unit18
Adversitymakesamanwise,notrich.
逆境出人才。
学习内容
题材
词数
建议时间
得分统计
做题备忘
PartA
Text1
科普知识
392
/10
Text2
商业经济
477
/10
Text3
社会生活
406
/10
Text4
文化教育
451
/10
PartB
商业经济
617
/10
PartC
科普知识
363
/10
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingtexts.Answerthequestionsbloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].
Text1
Thedesireforachievementisoneoflife’sgreatmysteries.Socialscientistshavedevotedlifetimestostudyingthedrivesthatspurusoutofbedinthemorning,compelustoworkorstudyhardandsparkallmannerofhumanendeavor.Indeed,a1992textbookactuallydocuments32distincttheoriesofhumanmotivation.
Giventhisdiversityofthought,it’seasytoforgetthatforahalfcentury,Americansocietyhasbeendominatedbythepsychologicalschoolknownasbehaviorism,orSkinnerianpsychology.Althoughbehaviorismanditsfundamentalprincipleof“positivereinforcement”havelongsincelosttheirwayinacademiccircles,theSkinnerianlegacyremainspowerfulineveryrealmoftrash.Tiredout?
Doit,andyoucangotothemoviesFridaynight.Notinthemoodforwork?
Keeppluggingaway,andyoumightgetabonus.Notinterestedincalculus?
StriveforanAintheclass,andyouwillmakethehonorroll.Thetheorymaybebankrupt,butincentivesandrewardsaresomuchapartofAmericanculturethatit’shardtoimaginelifewithoutthem.
Yetthat’sexactlywhatagrowinggroupofresearchersareadvocatingtoday.Asteadystreamofresearchhasfoundthatratherencouragingmotivationandproductivity,rewardsactuallycanunderminegenuineinterestanddiminishperformance.“Oursocietyiscaughtinawhoppingparadox,”assertsAlfieKohn,authorofthenewbookRewards(publishedbyHoughtonMifflin),whichsurveysrecentresearchontheeffectivenessofrewards,“Wecomplainloudlyaboutdecliningproductivity,thecrisisofourschoolandthedistortedvaluesofourchildren.Buttheverystrategyweusetosolvethoseproblems—damagingrewardslikeincentiveplansandgradeandcandybarsinfrontofpeople—ispartlyresponsibleforthefixwe’rein.”
It’satoughargumenttomakeinaculturethatcelebratesthespoilsofsuccess.Yetstudyafterstudyshowsthatpeopletendtoperformworse,togiveupmoreeasilyandtoloseinterestmorequicklywhenarewardisinvolved.Childrenwhoaregiventreatsfordoingartwork,forexample,losetheirinitialloveofartwithinweeks.Teenagerswhoarepromisedarewardfortutoringyoungstersdon’tteachasenthusiasticallyastutorsofferednothing.Andchiefexecutiveofficerswhohavebeenawardedlong-termincentiveplanshaveoftensteeredtheircompaniestowardlowerreturns.
1.Whatdoesbehaviorismbasicallybelievein?
[A]motivationandproductivity.
[B]performanceandinterest.
[C]rewardsandstimulus.
[D]behaviorandreinforcement.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,itcanbeinferredthat
[A]rewardsarehighlyeffectiveinAmerica.
[B]rewardsarenotmuchsoughtafterinschools.
[C]rewardshavelonglosttheirappealinAmericansociety.
[D]Americansareaddictedtorewards.
3.WhatdoesAlfieKohn’sstatementimply?
[A]Oursocietyisexperiencingadeclininginproductivity.
[B]Damagingrewardsdistortvaluesofourchildren.
[C]Incentivesandrewardsattributetotheproblemwearecomplaining.
[D]Rewardslikeincentiveplansandgradeandcandybarsareharmful.
4.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
[A]peoplearenotusedtobeingconditionedbyprizes.
[B]rewards,likepunishments,attempttocontrolbehavior.
[C]rewardsaresoindispensabletoAmericancultures.
[D]theprincipleof“positivereinforcement”isnotfullyenforced.
5.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthetext?
[A]“Positivereinforcement”isusefultostudents.
[B]Withrewards,peopletendtoplugaway.
[C]Rewardissometimesharmfultopeople.
[D]Thedesireforachievementislife’sgreatmystery.
Text2
LloydsTSB,theUK’sbiggesthighstreetbank,isbeingforcedtowithdrawamemowhichordersitsbranchstaffnottoswitchcustomersintoaccountsthatwouldpaythemhigherratesofinterest.
Thebankwilltodaywritetoeveryoneofits2600branchesto“clarify”thecontentsofaninternalmemo,whichtellsstaffitis“unacceptable”toinformcurrentaccountcustomersthattheycouldmakebetterreturnsbyshiftingsparecashintoaccountswithhigherreturns.TheaveragebalanceinaLloydsTSBaccountisunderstoodtobe2000andifhalfofeverybalancewasmovedintoanalternativeinstantaccessaccountoperatedbyLloyds,thebankwouldhavetopayanestimated$160millioninadditionalinterestinayear.Lloyds,whichhas7millioncustomersandlastyearmademorethan$3billionprofit,pays0.3percentinterestonitscurrentaccount.Itsinstantaccessaccountoffers3.4percent.Thememotoldstafftheycouldloseoutonincentiveschemereward—includingcashbonusesandforeignholidays—iftheywerecaughtswitchingcashoutoflowinterestaccounts.
AspokeswomanforLloydsTSBsaidthememo,entitledKeySalesandServiceObjectives,wasdesignedtoimproveservicelevelsandhadbeen“quotedoutofcontext”.ItwaswrittenbyMikeMitchell,thebank’snationalsalesmanager,andcirculatedinJanuary.Itwasdesignedtostopitsstaffopeningnewaccountsmerelytoreceiveincentiveschemepoints.Staffareallowed,however,tomakeothersuggestionstocustomers,includingsellingthemfinancialservicessuchasunittrustinvestmentsandprivatehealthinsurance,whichgeneratesubstantialprofitsforthebank.Branchworkerwhosuccessfullysellsuchproductsreceiveincentiveschemerewards,directlyrelatedtohowmuchprofitthebankmakesfromthem.Thebank’sspokeswomansaid:
“Thespiritofthismemo,ofputtingcustomersfirst,hasbeenobfuscatedbysentenceswhicharemeanttosayonethingbutmaybeinterpretedassayinganother.”Insomecases,sheclaimed,thosewithhighsumstoinvestcangetbetterreturnsfromtheirexistingcurrentaccountsbecausetheinterestraterisesasthebalancegoesup.Butsheadmittedthatthememotellsstaffthatallcurrentaccountswitches“mustbeinitiatedbythecustomer”,andthatstaffarenotallowedtoadvisecustomerstheirmoneymightearnbetterreturnsinalternativeaccounts.Theonlytimesuchsuggestionscanbemade,saysthememo,isinaformalone-to-oneinterviewwiththecustomer.Thebankinsistedthatthememowasdesignedtoimprovecustomerservice,butithasangeredbranchstaff,whobelievetheyarebeingorderednottooperateinthecustomers,bestinterests.
TheLloyds’spokeswomanadded:
“Weagreethatthismemomaybemisinterpreted”.Thebank’sdeputychiefexecutive,MichaelFarley,hasintervenedandwillberewritingthememo.
6.LloydsTSBisgoingtowithdrawtheinternalmemobecause
[A]ithasbeenmadeknowntothegeneralpublic.
[B]ithasbeenopposedbyallitscustomers.
[C]itismisinterpretedbyitsbranchstaff.
[D]itisconsideredagainstcustomers’bestinterests.
7.Thestatementthatthememohadbeen“quotedoutofcontext”means
[A]aconfessionofthebank’smalpractice.
[B]aguaranteeofimprovementofthebank’sservice.
[C]aresponsetocriticismsofthememo.
[D]ahinttowithdrawandrewritethememo.
8.Accordingtothememo,thebranchstaff
[A]willgetnocashbonusesiftheyarecaughtsellingprivatehealthinsurancetocustomers.
[B]willreceivenoincentiveschemerewardsiffoundshiftingcashintohigherinterestaccounts.
[C]cannotmakeanysuggestionstocustomerstoswitchtheirmoneyoutofcurrentaccounts.
[D]shallnevertelltheircustomerstheinterestratesofdifferentaccounts.
9.Theword“obfuscated”(line14,paragraph3)canbereplacedby
[A]clarified.[B]strengthened.[C]obscured.[D]weakened.
10.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?
[A]Theinterestrateofaninstantaccessaccountislowerthanthatofacurrentaccount.
[B]Theinterestrateofanaccountrisesasthebalanceinitgoesuptoacertainlevel.
[C]Thememodoesnotallowaccountswitcheseventhoughtthey’rerequiredbycustomers.
[D]Thememoencouragesthestafftosellmorefinancialservicestoimprovecustomerservice.
Text3
Thereisasevereclassictragedywithinmajorleaguebaseball,tragedythatcatchesandmanipulatesthelifeofeveryathleteassurelyasforcesbeyondtheheathsmanipulatedHardy’ssimpleWessexfolkintocreaturesofimposingstature.Majorleaguebaseballisaninsecuresociety;itpaysalavishsalarytoanathleteandthen,whenhereachesthirty-fiveorso,itabruptlystopspayinghimanything.Butthetragedygoesconsiderablydeeperthanthat.Briefly,itisthetragedyoffulfillment.
Eachmajorleaguer,likehischildhoodfriends,alwayswanteddesperatelytobecomeamajorleaguer.Whenevertherewastroubleathome,inschool,orwithagirl,therewasthesureescapeofbaseball;notthestumbling,ungainlyescapeofanordinaryballplayer,butasudden,remarkablemetamorphosisintotheroleofahero.Foreachmajorleaguerwasfirstastarinhisneighborhoodorinhistown,andeachlivedwiththeunendingsolacethattherewasonethinghecouldalwaysdowithgraceandskillandpoise.Somehow,heoncebelievedwiththemostprofoundfaithhepossessed,thatifheeverdidmakethemajorleagues,everythingwouldthenbecomeideal.
Amajorleaguebaseballteamiscomprisedoftwenty-fiveyoungishmenwhohavemadethemajorleaguesanddiscoveredthat,inspiteofit,liferemainsdistressinglyshortofideal.Inretrospect,theywerebetteroffduringtheyearswhentheiradolescentdreamwashappilysimpleandvague.Among
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