框架结构外文翻译分析解析.docx
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框架结构外文翻译分析解析.docx
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框架结构外文翻译分析解析
南京工程学院毕业设计
外文资料翻译
学生姓名:
************
学号:
*********
班级名称:
K建工ZB093
所在院系:
康尼学院
UndergroundSpaceUtilization
Therapidgrowthofworldcivilizationwillhaveasignificantimpactonthewayhumansliveinthefuture.Astheglobalpopulationincreasesandmorecountriesdemandahigherstandardofliving,thedifficultyofdoingthisiscompoundedbythreebroadtrends:
theconversionofagriculturallandtodevelopmentuses;theincreasingurbanizationoftheworld`spopulation;andgrowingconcernforthemaintenanceandimprovementoftheenvironment,especiallyregardingglobalwarmingandtheimpactofpopulationgrowth.Undergroundspaceutilization,asthischapterdescribes,offersopportunitiesforhelpingaddressthesetrends.
Bymovingcertainfacilitiesandfunctionunderground,surfacelandinurbanareascanbeusedmoreeffectively,thusfreeingspaceforagriculturalandrecreationalpurpose.Similarly,theuseofterracedearthshelteredhousing.Usingundergroundspacealsoenableshumanstolivemorecomfortablyindenselypopulatedareaswhileimprovingthequalityoflive.
Onanurbanorlocallevel,theuseofundergroundfacilitiesisrisingtoaccommodatethecomplexdemandsoftoday`ssocietywhileimprovingtheenvironment.Forexample,bothurbanandruralareasarerequiringimprovedtransportation,utility,andrecreationalservices.Thestateoftrafficcongestioninmanyurbanareasoftheworldisatacriticallevelforthesupportofbasichumanliving,anditisdifficultifnotimpossibletoaddnewinfrastructureatgroundlevelwithoutcausinganunacceptabledeteriorationofthesurfaceenvironmentoranunacceptablerelocationofexistinglandusesandneighborhoods.
Onanationallevelincountriesaroundtheworld,globaltrendsarecausingthecreationandextensionofminingdevelopmentsandoilorgasrecoveryatgreaterdepthsandinmoreinaccessibleorsensitivelocations.Threetrendshavealsoledtothedevelopmentsofimproveddesignsforenergygenerationandstoragesystemsaswellasnationalfacilitiesfordealingwithhazardouswaste(includingchemical,biological,andradioactivewaste),andimprovedhigh-speednationaltransportationsystems.Allthesedevelopmentsinvolveuseoftheunderground.
LandUsePressures
Placingfacilitiesundergroundisapromisingmethodforhelpingeaselandusepressurescausedbythegrowthandurbanizationoftheworld`spopulation.Althoughtheaveragepopulationdensityintheworldisnotlarge,thedistributionofpopulationisveryuneven.Amapofpopulationdensityintheworldisnotlarge,areasoftheworldareessentiallyuninhabited.Theseareasareforthemostpartdeserts,mountainousregions,orregionsofseverecoldthatdonoteasilysupporthumanhabitation.
IfoneexaminesChina,forexample,theaveragepopulationdensityisapproximately100personspersquarekilometer,butthevatmajorityoftheonebillion-pluspopulationlivesonlessthan20percentofthelandarea.thisisthefertilelandthatcansupportfoodproduction.However,duetopopulationgrowth,urbanization,andeconomicgrowth,thissamelandmustnowsupportextensivetransportationsystems,industrialandcommercialdevelopment,andincreasingdemandsforhousing,Asthepopulationandeconomygrow,thelandavailableforagricultureshrinks,andtheproblemsoftransportingfoodandrawmaterialstoanurbanpopulationincrease.Bytheyear2000itisestimatedthat70percentoftheworld`spopulationwillinhabiturbanareas.
ThesametrendareevidentinJapan,whereapproximately80percentofthelandareaismountainous,90percentofthepopulationlivesonthecoastalplains,andeconomicdevelopmentisconcentratedinrelativelyfeweconomicdevelopmentisconcentratedinrelativelyfeweconomiccenters.Theflat-lyinglandisgenerallythemostfertileandishistoricallytheregionofsettlement.Otherfactorsaddingtopopulationdensityincludethetraditionalbuildingstyle,whichislow-rise,andJapaneselawthatcontainstrongprovisionsformaintenanceofaccesstosunlight.Also,toretaindomesticfoodproductioncapability,theJapanesegovernmenthasprotectedagriculturallandfromdevelopment.Thecombinationofthesehistoricalandpoliticalfactorstogetherwithastrongmigrationofbusinessesandindividualstotheeconomiccentershascreatedenormouslandusepressure.Theresultisanastronomicallyhighcostoflandincitycenters(ashighasUS$500,00persquaremeter)anddifficultyinanprovidinghousing,transportation,andutilityservicesforthepopulation.Typicalbusinessemployeescannotaffordtolivenearthecitycenterwheretheyworkandmayhavetocommuteonetotwohourseachwayfromanaffordablearea.Toservicetheexpandingmetropolitanarea,publicagenciesmustupgraderoadsandbuildnewtransitlinesandutilizes.LandcostsforsuchworkaresohighthatincentralTokyo,thecostoflandmayrepresentover95percentofthetotalcostofaproject.
Theproblemoflandusepressuresandrelatedeconomiceffectsofhighlandpricesareofgreatinterestinthestudyofthepotentialusesofundergroundspace.Whensurfacespaceisfullyutilized,undergroundspacebecomesoneofthefewdevelopmentzonesavailable.Itoffersthepossibilityoftheaddingneededfacilitieswithoutfurtherdegradingthesurfaceenvironment.Withouthighlandprices,however,thegenerallyhighercostofconstructingfacilitiesundergroundisasignificantdeterrenttotheirenvironmental,orsocialgrounds-luxurieswhichmanydevelopingnationcannotaffordatpresentandwhichdevelopednationsarereluctanttoundertakeexceptinareasofspecialsignificance.
PlanningofUndergroundSpace
Effectiveplanningforundergroundutilizationshouldbeanessentialprecursortothedevelopmentofmajorundergroundfacilities.Thisplanningmustconsiderlong-termneedswhileprovidingaframeworkforreformingurbanareasintodesirableandeffectiveenvironmentsinwhichtoliveandwork.Ifundergrounddevelopmentistoprovidethemostvaluablelong-termbenefitpossible,theneffectivezonesbeneathpublicrights-of-wayinoldercitiesaroundtheworld.Thetangledwedofutilizescommonlyfoundisduetoalackofcoordinationandthehistoricalevolutioninutilityprovisionandtransitsystemdevelopment.
Theundergroundhasseveralcharacteristicsthatmakegoodplanningespeciallyproblematical:
●Onceundergroundexcavationsaremade,thegroundispermanentlyaltered.Undergroundstructuresarenotaseasilydismantledassurfacebuildings.
●Anundergroundexcavationmayeffectivelyalargezoneofthestabilityoftheexcavation.
●Theundergroundgeologicstructuregreatlyaffectsthetype,size,andcostsoffacilitiesthatcanbeconstructed,buttheknowledgeofaregion`scanonlybeinferredfromalimitednumberofsiteinvestigationboringsandpreviousrecords.
●Largeundergroundprojectsmayrequiremassiveinvestmentswithrelativelyhighrisksofconstructionproblem,delay,andcostoverruns.
●Traditionalplanningtechniqueshavefocusedontwo-dimensionalrepresentationsofregionsandurbanareas.Thisisgenerallyadequateforsurfaceandabovegroundconstructionbutitisnotadequateforthecomplexthree-dimensionalgeologyandbuiltstructuresoftenfoundunderground.Representationofthisthree-dimensionalinformationinaformthatcanreadilybeinterpretedforplanningandevaluationisverydifficult.
InTokyo,forexample,thefirstsubwayline(GinzaLine)wasinstalledasashallowline(10metersdeep)immediatelybeneaththeexistinglayerofsurfaceutilities.Asmoresubwaylineshavebeenadded,unclutteredzonescanonlybefoundatthedeeperundergroundlevels.ThenewKeiyoJRlineinTokyois40meterdeep.AnewundergroundsuperhighwayfromMarunouchitoShinjukuhasbeenproposedata50-meterdepth.Forcomparison,thedeepestinstallationsinLondonareatapproximatelya70-meterdepthalthoughthemaincomplexofworksandsewersisatlessthan25neters.Compoundingtheseissuesofincreasingdemandisthefactnewertransportationservices(suchastheJapaneseShinkansenbullettrainsortheFrenchTGV)ofenrequirelargercross-sectiontunnels,straighteralignments,andflattergrades.Ifspaceisnotreservedforthistypeofuse,veryinefficientlayoutsofthebeneathurbanareascanoccur.
EnvironmentalBenefits
Anothermajortriggerforundergroundspaceusageisthegrowinginternationalconcernovertheenvironment,whichhasledtoattemptstorethinkthefutureofurbanandindustrialdevelopment.Themajorconcernsinbalancingeconomicdevelopmentversusenvironmentaldegradationandworldnaturalresourcelimitationsrevolvearoundseveralkeyissues.Theseare:
●Theincreasingconsumptionofenergycomparedtothelimitedreservesoffossilfuelsavailabletomeetfuturedemand.
●Theeffectontheglobalclimateofburningfossilfuels.
●Thepollutionoftheenvironmentfromtheby-productsofindustrialdevelopment
●Thesafedisposalofhazardouswastesgeneratedbyindustrialandmilitaryactivites.
Preservingtheenvironmentfromtheby-productsofindustrialdevelopmenteconomicgrowthandmaintainingindividuallifestyleswillbecomplexifnotimpossible.However,ahighstandardoflivingandhighgrossdomesticproductdonothavetobeproportionatelydependentonresourceconsumptionandenvironmentaldegradation.
Undergroundspaceutilizationcanhelpsolvetheenvironmental/resourcedilemmainseveralways.Undergroundfacilitiesaretypicallyenergyconservingintheirownright.Moreimportantly,byusingadditiontotheobviousbenefitofpreservinggreenspaceandagriculturalland,thereis
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