Unit6文档格式.docx
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Unit6文档格式.docx
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1.Thedefendersofnatureandwilderness---liketheirenemiesthedefendersoftheindustrialeconomy---sometimessoundasifthenaturalandthehumanestatesweretwoseparateestates,radicallydifferentandradicallydivided.Thedefendersofnatureandwildernesssometimesseemtofeelthattheymustopposeanyhumanencroachmentwhatsoever,justastheindustrialistsoftenapparentlyfeelthattheymustmakethehumanencroachmentabsoluteor,astheysay,"
completetheconquestofnature."
Butthereisdangerinthisopposition,anditcanbebestdealtwithbyrealizingthatthesepureandseparatecategoriesarepureideasanddonototherwiseexist.
2.Purenature,anyhow,isnotgoodforhumanstolivein,andhumansdonotwanttoliveinit---ornotforverylong.Anyexposuretotheelementsthatlastsmorethanafewhourswillremindusofthedesirabilityofthebasichumanamenities:
clothing,shelter,cookedfood,thecompanyofkinfolkandfriends---perhapsevenofhotbathsandmusicandbooks.
3.Itisequallytrueaconditionthatispurelyhumanisnotgoodforpeopletolivein,andpeopledonotwanttoliveforverylonginit.Obviously,themoreartificialahumanenvironmentbecomes,themoretheword"
natural"
becomesatermofvalue.Itcanbeargued,indeed,thattheconservationmovement,asweknowittoday,islargelyaproductoftheindustrialrevolution.Thepeoplewhowantcleanair,clearstreams,andwildforests,prairies,anddesertsarethepeoplewhonolongerhavethem.
4.Peoplecannotliveapartfromnature;
thatisthefirstprincipleoftheconservationists.Andyet,peoplecannotliveinnaturewithoutchangingit.Butthisistrueofallcreatures;
theydependuponnature,andtheychangeit.Whatwecallnatureis,inasense,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.Becauseofthewoodpeckers,natureisdifferentfromwhatitwouldbewithoutthem.Itisdifferentalsobecauseoftheborersandantsthatliveintreetrunks,andbecauseofthebacteriathatliveinthesoilunderthetrees.Themakingofthesedifferencesisthemakingoftheworld.
5.Someofthechangesmadebywildcreatureswewouldcallbeaversarefamousformakingpondsthatturnintofertilemeadows;
treesandprairiegrassesbuildsoil.Butsometimes,too,wewouldcallnaturalchangesdestructive.Accordingtoearlywitnesses,forinstance,largeareasaroundKentuckysaltlickswereseverelytrampledanderodedbythegreatherdsofhoofedanimalsthatgatheredthere.Thebuffalo"
streets"
throughhillycountryweresohollowedoutbyhoofwearanderosionthattheyremainvisiblealmosttwocenturiesafterthedisappearanceofthebuffalo.Andsoitcanhardlybeexpectedthathumanswouldnotchangenature.Humans,likeallothercreatures,mustmakeadifference;
otherwise,theycannotlive.Butunlikeothercreatures,humansmustmakeachoiceastothekindandscaleofthedifferencetheymake.Iftheychoosetomaketoosmalladifference,theydiminishtheirhumanity.Iftheychoosetomaketoogreatadifference,theydiminishnature,andnarrowtheirsubsequentchoices;
ultimately,theydiminishordestroythemselves.Nature,then,isnotonlyoursourcebutalsoourlimitandmeasure.Or,asthepostEdmundSpenserputitalmostfourhundredyearsago.Nature,whoisthe"
greatestgoddesse"
actsasasortofearthlylieutenantofGod,andSpenserrepresentsherasbothamotherandjudge.Herjurisdictionisovertherelationsbetweenthecreatures;
shedeals“Righttoall...indifferently,”forsheis“theequalmother”ofall“Andknittesteachtoeach,asbrotheruntobrother.”Thus,inSpenser,thenaturalprinciplesoffertilityandorderarepointedlylinkedwiththeprincipleofjustice,whichwemaybealittlesurprisedtoseethatheattributesalsotonature.Andyetinhisinsistenceonan“indifferent”naturaljustice,restingonthe“brotherhood”ofallcreatures,notjustofhumans,Spenserwouldnowbesaidtobeonsoundecologicalfooting.
6.Innatureweknowthatwildcreaturessometimesexhausttheirvitalsourcesandsufferthenaturalremedy:
drasticpopulationreductions.Iflynxeseattoomanysnowshoerabbits---whichtheyaresaidtodorepeatedly---thenthelynxesstarvedowntothecarryingcapacityoftheirhabitat.Itisthecarryingcapacityofthelynx'
shabitat,notthecarryingcapacityofthelynx'
sstomach,thatdeterminestheprosperityoflynxes.Similarly,ifhumansuseuptoomuchsoil---whichtheyhaveoftendoneandaredoing---thentheywillstarvedowntothecarryingcapacityoftheirhabitat.Thisisnature'
s"
indifferent"
justice.AsSpensersawinthesixteenthcentury,andaswemustlearntoseenow,thereisnoappealfromthisjustice.Inthefuture,theLordmayforgiveourwrongsagainstnature,butonearth,sofarasweknow,Hedoesnotoverturnherdecisions.
7.Oneofthedifferencesbetweenhumansandlynxesisthathumanscanseethattheprincipleofbalanceoperatesbetweenlynxesandsnowshoerabbits,asbetweenhumansandtopsoil;
anotherdifference,wehope,isthathumanshavethesensetoactontheirunderstanding.Wecansee,too,thatastablebalanceispreferabletoabalancethattiltsbackandforthlikeaseesaw,dumpingasurplusofcreaturesalternatelyfromeitherend.Tosaythisistorenewthequestionofwhetherornotthehumanrelationshipwithnatureisnecessarilyanadversaryrelationship,anditistosuggestthattheanswerisnotsimple.
8.Butindealingwiththisquestionandintryingtodojusticetothepresumedcomplexityoftheanswer,weareupagainstanAmericanconventionofsimpleoppositiontonaturethatisdeeplyestablishedbothinourmindsandinourways.WehaveopposedtheprimevalforestsoftheEastandtheprimevalprairiesanddesertsoftheWest,wehaveopposedman-eatingbeastsandcrop-eatinginsects,sheep-eatingwolvesandchicken-eatinghawks.Inourlawnsandgardensandfields,weopposewhatwecallweeds.Andyetmoreandmoreofusarebeginningtoseethatthisoppositionisultimatelydestructiveevenofourselves,thatitdoesnotexplainmanythingsthatneedexplaining—inshort,thatitisuntrue.
9.Ifourproperrelationtonatureisnotopposition,thenwhatisit?
Thisquestionbecomescomplicatedanddifficultforusbecausenoneofus,asIhavesaid,wantstoliveina"
pure"
primevalforestorina"
primevalprairie;
wedonotwanttobeeatenbygrizzlybears;
ifwearegardeners,wehavealegitimatequarrelwithweeds;
if,inKentucky,wearetryingtoimproveourpastures,wearelikelytobeenemiesofthenoddingthistle.But,dowhatwewill,weremainunderthespelloftheprimevalforestsandprairiesthatwehavecutdownandbroken;
weturnrepeatedlyandwithlovetothethoughtofthemandtotheirsurvivingremnants.Wefindourselvesattractedtothegrizzlybears,too,andknowthattheyandothergreat,dangerousanimalsremainaliveinourimaginationsastheyhavebeenallthroughhumantime.Thoughwecutdownthenoddingthistles,weacknowledgetheirbeautyandaregladtothinkthattheremustbesomeplacewheretheybelong.(Theymay,infact,notalwaysbeoutofplaceinpastures;
if,asseemsevident,overgrazingmakesanidealseedbedfortheseplants,thenwemustunderstandthemasapartofnature'
sstrategytoprotectthegroundagainstabusebyanimals.)Eventheugliestgardenweedsearnaffectionfromuswhenweconsiderhowfaithfullytheyperformanindispensabledutyincoveringthebaregroundandinbuildinghumus.Theweeds,too,areinvolvedinthebusinessoffertility.
10.Weknow,then,thattheconflictbetweenthehumanandthenaturalestatesreallyexistsandthatitistosomeextentnecessary.Butwearelearning,orrelearning,somethingelse,too,thatfrightensus:
namely,thatthisconflictoftenoccursattheexpenseofbothestates.Itisnotonlypossiblebutaltogetherprobablethatbydiminishingnaturewediminishourselves,andviceversa.
TranslatingandWriting:
A.TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoChinese.
1.AsthepoetEdmundSpenserputitalmostfourhundredyearsago.Nature,whoisthe"
greatestgoddess,"
actsasasortofearthlylieutenantofGod,andSpenserrepresentsherasbothamotherandjudge.||Herjurisdictionisovertherelationsbetweenthecreatures;
shedeals"
Righttoall...indifferently,"
forsheis"
theequalmother"
ofall"
andknittesteachtoeach,asbrotheruntobrother."
||Thus,inSpenser,thenaturalprinciplesoffertilityandorderarepointedlylinkedwiththeprincipleofjustice,whichwemaybealittlesurprisedtoseethatheattributesalsotonature.||Andyetinhisinsistenceonan"
naturaljustice,restingonthe"
brotherhood"
ofallcreatures,notjustofhumans,Spenserwouldnowbesaidtobeonsoundecologicalfooting.
2.Ifourproperrelationtonatureisnotopposition,thenwhatisit?
||Thisquestionbecomescomplicatedanddifficultforusbecausenoneofus,asIhavesaid,wantstoliveina"
||ifwearegardeners,wehavealegitimatequarrelwithweeds;
if,inKentucky,wearetryingtoimproveourpastures,wearelikelytobeenemiesofthenoddingthistle.||But,dowhatwewill,weremainunderthespelloftheprimevalfores
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