unit 10Reverse Logistics文档格式.docx
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unit 10Reverse Logistics文档格式.docx
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Reverselogisticsisthesupplychainthatflowsoppositetothetraditionalprocessoforder,fulfillmentandcustomerdelivery.Itis“theprocessofplanning,implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,costeffectiveflowofrawmaterials,in-processinventory,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformationfromthepointofconsumptiontothepointoforiginforthepurposeofrecapturingvalueorproperdisposal⒈.”
OthertermssynonymoustoReverseLogistics(RL)areAftermarketLogistics,Retrogistics,orAftermarketSupplyChain.Thereversesupplychainisalsoatermusedintheindustry.Reverselogisticsisnottobeconfusedwithforwardlogisticsorgettingtheproducttomarketcommonlyknownastheforwardsupplychain.Typesofactivitycommonwithreverselogisticsincludes:
logistics,warehousing,repair,refurbishment,recycling,e-waste,aftermarketcallcentersupport,reversefulfillment,fieldserviceandmanyothers⒉.
Reverselogisticscanbebrokenintotwogeneralareas,dependingonwhetherthereverseflowconsistsprimarilyofproductorpackaging⒊.Productcouldbeinthereverseflowforseveralreasons,suchasremanufactureorrefurbishment,orbecauseacustomerreturnedit.Packaginggenerallyflowsbackbecauseitisreusable(e.g.,palletsorplastictotes),orbecauseregulationsrestrictitsdisposal(e.g.,corrugated)⒋.Bothproductandpackagingmayberecycledorlandfilled,butiftheyaretobeusedagain,thetwomaygothroughavarietyofdifferentprocesses.Generallyspeaking,whatistobedonewiththeproductorpackagingwilldependinlargepartonwhytheitemwassentbackward.
Reverselogisticsismorethanreusingcontainersandrecyclingpackagingmaterials.Redesigningpackagingtouselessmaterial,orreducingtheenergyandpollutionfromtransportationareimportantactivities,buttheymightbebetterplacedintherealmof“green”logistics⒌.Ifnogoodsormaterialsarebeingsent“backward”,theactivityprobablyisnotareverselogisticsactivity.
Reverselogisticsalsoincludesprocessingreturnedmerchandiseduetodamage,seasonalinventory,restock,salvage,recalls,andexcessinventory⒍.Italsoincludesrecyclingprograms,hazardousmaterialprograms,obsoleteequipmentdisposition,andassetrecovery.
II.ReverseVSforwardlogistics
Areverselogisticsoperationisconsiderablydifferentfromforwardlogistics.Itmustestablishconvenientcollectionpointstoreceivetheusedgoodsfromthefinalcustomerorremoveassetsfromthesupplychainsothatmoreefficientuseofinventoryormaterialoverallcanbeachieved.Itrequirespackagingandstoragesystemsthatwillensurethatmostofthevaluestillremainingintheusedgoodsisnotlostduetocarelesshandling.Itoftenrequiresthedevelopmentofatransportationmodethatiscompatiblewithexistingforwardlogisticsystem.Dispositioncanincludereturningassetsintoinventorypoolsorwarehousesforstorage,returninggoodstotheoriginalmanufacturerforreimbursement,sellinggoodsonasecondarymarket,recyclingassets,oracombinationthatwillyieldmaximumvaluefortheassetsinquestion.
Reverselogisticsisaverycomplexprocess;
itisnotsupplychainbackwards.Materialflowcharacteristics,supplyanddemanddynamics,andtechnologyconsiderationsarefundamentallydifferentthanwhattheirforwardlogisticscounterpartsaddress.Forexample:
Irregularmaterialflow:
Returnprocessingishighlydynamicandinconsistent.Factorssuchasproductvariationsandconditions,processingrequirements,warrantyandextendedwarrantyprovisionsdictatetheworkflowstepstowhichagivenreturnissubject⒎.Thereisnosinglesupplychainflow;
thereverselogisticspathcanbeverycomplicated.
Multi-conditioninventory:
Supplychainmanagementsystemsarenotdesignedtomanageinventoryinvariousconditionstates,suchasrepaired,remanufactured,defective,damagedorobsolete.Theseconditionsarecriticalfactorsinreverselogisticsprocesses;
oftenreverselogisticsconsignmentsaresmallvolumehighvalueshipmentsofgoodswhichareoftenkeycomponentstoanetwork,henceexpressdeliveryisoftenneeded.
Additionallycustomsscrutinyismuchmoreacutewhenscreeningremanufacturedanddefectiveunits;
inventoryforecasting,planningandfinancialmanagementspecifictovaluationarealsocrucialfactors⒏.
III.ReverseLogisticsChallenges
Itisestimatedthatmanaging“returnandrepair”processesalonecontributetoatleast10%ofoverallsupplychaincosts.Ineffectivereversesupplychainprocessescompoundthiscostandcanreduceanorganization'
sprofitbyapproximately30%.Typically,reversesupplychainshavelittleautomation,andarecharacterizedbyunknownsandpoorlymanagedassetsthatsitinwarehouses,wherelossesaretypicallyacceptedorabsorbed⒐.Anopportunityofthismagnitudehasdrivenmanycompaniestofindnewwaystooptimizereverselogisticspracticesandtostreamlineoperationsanddriveprofits.
Thepursuitofprofitandcompetitiveadvantagedriveever-evolvingreverselogisticmodels.CompaniestodayhaveshiftedtheirreverselogisticsoperationstobusinessmodelsthatrequirethecoordinationofmultipletiersofadministrationandlogisticsoperationswithoutsourcedpartnerssuchasOEM,contractrepaircenters,4PLnetworksetc⒑.Ifanenterpriselacksanintegratedreverselogisticsprocessbeforeoutsourcing,anextendedenterprisebusinessmodelwilladdcomplexitytoanalreadychallengingbusinessenvironment.
IV.LeveragingthePowerofReverseLogistics
Thekeytosuccessfulreverselogisticsistheabilitytointegratebusinessproposaldevelopment,internationaltradecompliance,projectmanagement,contractadministrationandproductmanagementintodailyoperationsacrosstheenterprise⒒.Thiscanonlybeachievedthroughintelligent,dynamicdecision-making.Tooptimizeperformance,reverselogisticsfunctionsmustoperateinamannerthatisbothtacticalandoperational.Tacticalplansandschedulesreversethesupplychaininordertomeetsupplyanddemand.Theoperationalteamexecutesplansinthecontextofdynamicandchangingbusinessenvironmentsincludingfrequenttechnologyupdates,outsourcingofmanufacturingorthechangeofOEMsuppliers,internationaltraderestrictions,foreignexchangecontrols,etc⒓.Tacticalandoperationalleveldecision-makingfunctionsarebynaturedistributedacrossreversesupplychains.Asaresult,thesefunctionsmustbeoptimizedbothlocallyandacrosstheextendedenterprise.
Thechallengeisforcorporateentitiestoovercomemanagementandexecutionbarriersastheyapplytothevaluethatintegratedreverselogisticsdelivers.First,bringreverselogisticstotheboardroom.Thelackofrecognitionforthestrategicimportanceofreverselogisticsandthecross-functionalnatureofreverselogisticsprocessesspansmultipleorganizationswithinanenterprise⒔.Executiveleadershipisfundamentaltothealignmentofpeople,process,technologyandfinancialsthathinderthepathtointegration⒕.Secondly,executeflawlesslyateachpointintheprocess.Theabilitytoexecutewellacrossthereverselogisticslifecycleisthefoundationforachievingintegratedreverselogistics.Thosethataresuccessfulunderstandthatthedynamicsofreverselogisticsintegrationrequiresanewapproachtoexecutionthat:
----Involvestheenterpriseasawhole(sales&
marketing,finance,projectmanagementsupplychainoperations,contractadministrations,customerserviceetc.)
----Addressesthecomplexitiesoftoday’ssupplychainenvironments
----Understandsthelimitationsimposedbycross-bordertransactions,suchas:
--inabilitytoexportdefectivegoodsduetocustomsregulationsrequirementsforadditionalexportlicenses
--levyofadditionaldutiesandtaxesondefiniterestrictionsregardingtheremittanceofforeignexchangerelatedtoexports:
--onlypermitTemporaryExportsforrepairandreturn
--typicallyimposetimelimitationfortherepaircycle
--requirementtotrackserialnumbersthroughtherepairprocess
--noallowanceforwarrantyprovisions
--requireproofofpriorimport
Tobuildanintegratedreverselogisticsenterpriseitisessentialthatyouunderstandyourcustomersandtheirmarkets.Youneedto:
----Involveyourcustomerinthestrategyplanningforrepairsandreturns
----Understandconstraintsimposedbycustomsinyourcustomermarket
----Provideinventorytofacilitateefficientreplenishment
----Identifythetruecostsassociatedwiththeimportofreplacementinventory
--Determineifre-manufacturedinventoryispermitted
--Evaluatecomplexitiessurroundingexportpermits
--Assurethatdefectiveorobsoleteinventorymayberecoveredi.e.exportofinventorytodestinationsotherthaninitialorigin
--Investigateifinternationalwarrantyprovisionsarehonoredbylocalauthority
--Determineif"
likeforlike"
operationsarepermissible
--Understandqualitycertificationrequirementsimposedbylocalauthority
--ClarifyifdutyreimbursementispossibleforDOA(deadofarrivals)andifitissubjecttolimitations
WhilethebusinessofReverseLogisticsisnotnew,thecomplexitiesassociatedwithinternationalbusiness,manufactureroutsourcing,andremotelogisticsmanagementhaveaddedcostandtimetoefficientexecution⒖.Leadingcompaniesarefindingwaysthroughtheuseoftechnology,processimprovements,andanunderstandingoftherestrictionsimposedbyforeigncustomstocontinuouslyexpandtheboundaryofintegration.Understandingandprovisioningforthesefactorswillassurecustomersatisfactionanddirectlyimpactthebottomline.
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