Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word格式.doc
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Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word格式.doc
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uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.
nDisplacement
uThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.
uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.
nCulturaltransmission
uCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.
uLanguageisawayoftransmittingculture.
nInterchangeability
uAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.
nReflexivity
uHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.
uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.
lFunctionsoflanguage–threemeta-functions
nTheideationalfunction
uToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.
nTheinterpersonalfunction
uTogetalonginacommunity.
nThetextualfunction
uToformatext.
lTypesoflanguage
nGeneticclassification
nTypologicalclassification
uAnalyticlanguage–noinflectionsorformalchanges,grammaticalrelationshipsareshownthroughwordorder,suchasChineseandVietnamese
uSyntheticlanguage–grammaticalrelationshipsareexpressedbychangingtheinternalstructureofthewords,typicallybychangingtheinflectionalendings,suchasEnglishandGerman
uAgglutinatinglanguage–wordsarebuiltoutofalongsequenceofunits,witheachunitexpressingaparticulargrammaticalmeaning,suchasJapaneseandTurkish
lThemythoflanguage–languageorigin
nTheBiblicalaccount
uLanguagewasGod’sgifttohumanbeings.
nThebow-wowtheory
uLanguagewasanimitationofnaturalsounds,suchasthecriesofanimals,likequack,cuckoo.
nThepooh-poohtheory
uLanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoy.
nTheyo-he-hotheory
uLanguagearosefromthenoisesmadebyagroupofpeopleengagedinjointlabouroreffort–liftingahugehuntedgame,movingarock,etc.
nTheevolutiontheory
uLanguageoriginatedintheprocessoflabourandansweredthecallofsocialneed.
lWhatislinguistics?
nLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
uObserving&
questioning
uFormulatinghypotheses
uVerifyingthehypotheses
uProposingatheory
nBranchesoflinguistics
uInternalbranches:
intra-disciplinarydivisions
lPhonetics
lPhonology
lMorphology
lSyntax
lSemantics
uExternalbranches:
inter-disciplinarydivisions
lPragmatics
lPsycholinguistics
lSociolinguistics
lAppliedlinguistics
lComputationallinguistics
lNeurolinguistics
nFeaturesoflinguistics
uDescriptive
uDealingwithspokenlanguage
uSynchronic
Chapter2Phonetics
lWhatisphonetics?
nPhoneticsistermedasthestudyofspeechsounds.
nSub-branchesofphonetics
uArticulatoryphonetics–theproductionofspeechsounds
uAcousticphonetics–thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds
uAuditoryphonetics–theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds
lThespeechorgans
nWheredoestheairstreamcomefrom?
uFromthelung
nWhatisthefunctionofvocalcords?
uControllingtheairstream
nWhatarethecavities?
uOralcavity
uPharyngealcavity
uNasalcavity
lTranscriptionofspeechsounds
nUnitsofrepresentation
uSegments(theindividualsounds)
nPhoneticsymbols
uThewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).
uTheIPAattemptstorepresenteachsoundofhumanspeechwithasinglesymbolandthesymbolsareenclosedinbrackets[]todistinguishphonetictranscriptionsfromthespellingsystemofalanguage.
uInmoredetailedtranscription(narrowtranscription)asoundmaybetranscribedwithasymboltowhichasmallerisaddedinordertomarkthefinerdistinctions.
lDescriptionofspeechsounds
nDescriptionofEnglishconsonants
uGeneralfeature:
obstruction
uCriteriaofconsonantdescription
lPlacesofarticulation
lMannersofarticulation
lVoicingofarticulation
uPlacesofarticulation
lThisreferstoeachpointatwhichtheairstreamcanbemodifiedtoproduceasound.
nBilabial:
[p][b][m][w]
nLabiodental:
[f][v]
nInterdental:
[W][T]
nAlveolar:
[t][d][s][z][l][n][r]
nPalatal:
[F][V][tF][dV][j]
nVelar:
[k][g][N]
nGlottal:
[h]
uMannersofarticulation
lThisreferstohowtheairstreamismodified,whetheritiscompletelyblockedorpartiallyobstructed.
nStops:
[p][b][t][d][k][g]
nFricatives:
[s][z][F][V][f][v][W][T][h]
nAffricates:
[tF][dV]
nLiquids:
[l][r]
nGlides:
[w][j]
nNasals:
[m][n][N]
uVoicingofarticulation
lThisreferstothevibratingofthevocalcordswhensoundsareproduced.
nVoicedsounds
nVoicelesssounds
nDescriptionofEnglishvowels
withoutobstruction
uCriteriaofvoweldescription
lPartofthetonguethatisraised
nFront
nCentral
nBack
lExtenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate
nHigh
nMid
nLow
lKindofopeningmadeatthelips
lPositionofthesoftpalate
uSinglevowels(monophthongs)anddiphthongs
lPhoneticfeaturesandnaturalclasses
nClassesofsoundsthatshareafeatureorfeaturesarecallednaturalclasses.
nMajorclassfeaturescanspecifysegmentsacrosstheconsonant-vowelboundary.
nClassificationofsegmentsbyfeaturesisthebasisonwhichvariationsofsoundscanbeanalyzed.
Chapter3Phonology
lWhatisphonology?
nPhonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsandpatterns.
nPhonologyandphoneticsaretwostudiesdifferentinperspectives,whichareconcernedwiththestudyofspeechsounds.
nPhonologyfocusesonthreefundamentalquestions.
uWhatsoundsmakeupthelistofsoundsthatcandistinguishmeaninginaparticularlanguage?
uWhatsoundsvaryinwhatwaysinwhatcontext?
uWhatsoundscanappeartogetherinasequenceinaparticularlanguage?
lPhonemesandallophones
nAphonemeisadistinctive,abstractsoundunitwithadistinctivefeature.
nThevariantsofaphonemearetermedallophones.
nWeuseallophonestorealizephonemes.
lDiscoveringphonemes
nContrastivedistribution–phonemes
uIfsoundsappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.
uTypicalcontrastivedistributionofsoundsisfoundinminimalpairsandminimalsets.
lAminimalpairconsistsoftwowordsthatdifferbyonlyonesoundinthesameposition.
lMinimalsetsaremorethantwowordsthataredistinguishedbyonesegmentinthesameposition.
uTheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheconsonantsandvowelsrepresentedbytheEnglishphoneticalphabetareincontrastivedistribution.
uSomesoundscanhardlybefoundincontrastivedistributioninEnglish.However,thesesoundsaredistinctiveintermsofphoneticfeatures.Therefore,theyareseparatephonemes.
nComplementarydistribution–allophones
uSoundsthatarenotfoundinthesamepositionaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
uIfsegmentsareincomplementarydistributionandshareanumberoffeatures,theyareallophonesofthesamephoneme.
nFreevariation
uIfsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.
lDistinctiveandnon-distinctivefeatures
nFeaturesthatdistinguishmeaningarecalleddistinctivefeatures,andfeaturesdonot,non-distinctivefeatures.
nDistinctivefeaturesinonelanguagemaybenon-distinctiveinanother.
lPhonologicalrules
nPhonemesareabstractsoundunitsstoredinthemind,whileallophonesaretheactualpronunciationsinspeech.
nWhatphonemeisrealizedbywhatallophonesinwhatspecificcontextisanothermajorquestioninphonology.
nTheregularitiesthatwhatsoundsvaryinwhatwaysinwhatcontextaregeneralizedandstatedinphonologyasrules.
nTherearemanyphonologicalrulesinEnglish.Takethefollowingonesasexamples.
l[+voiced+consonant]–[-voiced]/[-voiced+consonant]_
l[-voiced+bilabial+stop]–unaspirated/[-voiced+alveolar+fricative]_
lSyllablestructure
nAsyllableisaphonologicalunitthatiscomposedofoneormorephonemes.
nEverysyllablehasanucleus,whichisusuallyavowel.
nThenucleusmaybeprecededbyoneormoreconsonantscalledtheonsetandfollowedbyoneormoreconsonantscalledthecoda.
lSequenceofphonemes
nNativespeakersofanylanguagein
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- Linguistics 语言学 胡壮麟 英文