个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异英语毕业论文.docx
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个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异英语毕业论文.docx
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个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异英语毕业论文
ThedifferentConceptiontowardsIndividualismbetweenChineseandAmericanCulture
个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异
Abstract
ThepaperrepresentsadifferentconceptionbetweenChineseandAmericanpeopletowardsindividualism.Americanpeoplethinkthatindividualismis“individuality”,whileChinesepeoplethinkindividualismisequalto“selfishness”.DifferentculturebackgroundsbetweenChinaandAmericaaffectthedifferentconceptiontowardsindividualism.Asasocialproductandaphenomenonoftheculture,rightorwrongshouldnotbebrandedwithindividualismandasaMarxist,anobjectiveanddialecticalmethodshouldbeusedtojudgeindividualism.Thenaftertheyunderstandindividualisminarightway,theycouldtakeadvantageofitintheconstructionofChinesesocietyandthedevelopmentofthemselves.
Keywords:
Individualismculturalphenomenonthepositiveaspectsocialproduct
摘要
本文阐释了个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异。
美国人认为个人主义是一种个性,而中国人则认为它代表的就是自私。
产生这种差异的根本原因在于中美两国不同的文化背景。
作为社会发展的产物和文化现象,个人主义不应该用“对”或是“错”来衡量,而作为马克思主义者,就更加应该客观、公正的看待从不同文化当中衍生出来的东西。
中国人要正确认识个人主义必须从美国文化当中理解个人主义。
只有真正认识、理解了个人主义的精髓,才能从根本上消除中国人对个人主义产生的误读以及对个人主义错误的运用。
在此之后,也就可以将个人主义中积极合理的一面应用到中国社会的发展中,并以此来完善和发展自己。
关键词:
个人主义文化现象积极因素社会产物
Contents
1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………1
2.RightConceptionofIndividualismandItsPositiveAspects……………2
2.1TheCharacteristicsofIndividualism……………………………………2
2.2RightAcknowledgementsoftheIndividualism…………………………4
2.3AdvancedAspectsofIndividualism………………………………………5
3.IndividualisminAmerica……………………………………………………6
3.1TheSourceofIndividualism……………………………………………6
3.2TheAffectionofIndividualismonAmericanSociety……………………7
3.3American’sAttitudetowardsIndividualism……………………………9
4.IndividualisminChina………………………………………………………10
4.1TheRecognitionsofIndividualisminChina……………………………10
4.2TheInfluenceofIndividualismonChina………………………………11
4.3Chinese’sAttitudetowardsIndividualism……………………………12
5.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………13
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………14
ThedifferentConceptiontowardsIndividualismbetweenChineseandAmericanCulture
1.Introduction
ThispaperdiscussesthedifferentconceptiontowardsindividualismbetweenChineseandAmericanpeoplebasedonthedifferentculturalbackground.
Americanpeoplethinkthatindividualismstandsforpersonality;itisalsoanalternative,whichshowsapersonwhohasself-relianceandself-struggle.Itemphasizesontheindependence,value,status,andpersonalright.Allofthemaresacredandinviolable.Americaisamulti-culturecountry,afterColumbusdiscoveredthisland,peoplefromdifferentplacesoftheworldflowedtothenewland.Americanshavebeencalledrootlessnationality,formostpeopleliveinAmericaarefromotherplaces.DuringthereignofJamesI,thePresbyterianmajorityunsuccessfullyattemptedtoimposetheirideasontheestablishedEnglishchurchattheHamptonCourtConference.TheresultwasmutualdisaffectionandapersecutionofthePuritans,particularlybyArchbishopWilliamLaud,thatbroughtaboutPuritanmigrationtoEuropeandAmerica.Theyhopedtolookforfreedomandanewworld.SowhentheEuropeansontheMayFlowersteppedonthisland,whichhadnonationalsentimentthatshouldformedduringalongtime,thepersonalinterestshavebeenconsideredmuchimportantthananythingelse.Itisaruletoprotectone’sowninterestsinastrangeplace.
However,inChina,whichhasalonghistoryofmorethan5,000years,theculturaloriginscoulddatebacktotheprimitivesociety,whenShandingcavepeoplelivedandworkedtogethertheinterestsofthecollectiveweresuretobemuchhigherthanpersonalinterestswere.Therefore,undertheinfluenceofthecollectivethepersonalinterests,whichcouldbeconsideredasindividualism,aremuchlookeddownupon.Theviceinfluenceofindividualismiscertainlyexists,butit’spositiveandreasonablesidemakeAmericadeveloptobeapowerfulcountryinonly200years.Thoughcollectiveinterestisaboveeverything,extremelydenyingtheindividualismisalsonotanobjectiveandjustway.InChina,thepositivesideofindividualismcouldstillplayafavorablerole.Recentlyassomanypeopleignoredthegoodaspectofindividualism,rightrecognitionsshouldbeemphasizedagain.Individualismisaphenomenonwithgreatculturalcharacteristics,anditcannotbejustifiedonlywithrightorwrong.Itshouldbejustifiedobjectivelyandjustly.Onlyafterrightrecognitionshavebeenaccepted,Chinacouldgainabrand-newwaytodevelopitandChinesepeoplecouldalsobuilduptheirconfidenceandpromotetherelianceoftheirself-worth.
2.RightConceptiontowardsIndividualismandItsPositiveAspects
2.1TheCharacteristicsofIndividualism
Primarily,therearetwokindsofcharacteristicsofindividualismthatcannotbedenied.Individualismhasbeenexistinginwesternworldforalongtime,andsomanyshortcomingsappearedgradually.Nowitundergoesthecrisisthatboughtbyitsshortcomingsandneedstofacemanynewchallenges.
First,individualismhasanabilityofdevelopingwithhumanbeingstogether,foritisnotafixeddogma,butakindoftheorythatindicatesindividual’sself-confidence,independenceandself-conscious.Asaproductthatappearedunderacertainsituationofthehistoryandsociety,individualismtrulyhasabasisofitsestablishment.Sowhenthebasischanges,therearetwowaysforindividualismtochoose.Oneistofollowthechanges;theotheristobeknockedout.Eventhoughindividualismwouldbeinsomechanges,itisstillineffect.Thatisthesituationofindividualismnowadays.Itisintheprocessofbeingnewlydefined.
Secondisthemostimportant.Indemocraticcountry,thespiritofindividualismnotonlybeacceptedbutalsobelegalized.Soanillusionalsohasbeenmade,thatisindividualismseemstobeout-of-date.Ifamoderndemocraticsocietywerewithoutindividualism,howcoulditgoonwithitsdevelopment?
Individualismisineverywalkofpeople’slife.Romanticismistheindividualisminemotion;Liberalismistheindividualisminthoughts;Diversificationistheindividualisminsociety;Laisser-faireistheindividualismineconomyanddemocracyistheindividualisminpolitic.
Allinall,individualismhasbeenexpandedandrootedinwesternworldgreatlysincethetimeofTocquevilleandEmerson,anditislegislatedandhasbecomeakindoflivingstyleexistingineverywalkoflifeinwesternworld.Althoughthe17thcenturyBritish’straditionalthinkingisconsideredtobetheoriginoftheconceptofindividualism,thefounderoftheword“individualism”isTocqueville.HeinvestigatedinAmericafor9month,andin1835hepublishedDemocracyinAmericainwhichbookheusedindividualismforthefirsttime.Hebelievesthattheexistenceofindividualismismuchearlierthanthesocialorder,andtheself-interestsisthepurposeoftheactionofindividuals,andthesocialsystemoriginatedintheinteractionamongindividuals.Heindicatedthatindividualismisanewwordcreatedbyanewconcept.Onlyknowourancestorsisegotismwhichmeansakindofradicalandexcessivelovetoone’sown,anditmakespeopleonlycareaboutthemselves.Individualismisakindoffeelingwhichpeoplefeelnoqualmsaboutself-concern.Withtheincreasingofequality,alargenumberofIndividualsarise.Theyhaveenoughwealthandpowertosatisfytheirownneeds,therefore,theyareindependentandholdtheirownfateintheirhands.RalphWaldoEmersonaffirmedtheindividualinhisessaysself-reliance.Hesaid,“Characterteachesaboveourwills.”(Emerson,18)
Healsothinkthat,“Amanshouldlearntodetectandwatchthatgleamoflightwhichflashesacrosshismindfromwithin,morethanthelusterofthefirmamentofbardsandsages.”(Emerson,6)
Insistonyourself;neverimitate.Yourowngiftyoucanpresenteverymomentwiththecumulativeforceofawholelife’scultivation;butoftheadoptedtalentofanother,youhaveonlyanextemporaneous,halfpossession.Thatwhicheachcandobest,nonebuthisMakercanteachhim.Nomanyetknowswhatitis,norcan,tillthatpersonhasexhibitedit.(Emerson,42)
“Itisonlyasamanputsoffallforeignsupport,andstandsalone,thatIseehimtobestrongandtoprevail.”(Emerson,46)Atlastheconcludedthat,“Nothingcanbringyoupeacebutyourself.Nothingcanbringyoupeacebutthetriumphofprinciples.”(Emerson,48)
Aboveall,individualismisaproductofsocialdevelopment,anditisaculturalphenomenon.Thereisnorightorwrongshouldbeprintedonindividualism,ontheotherhand,itsessenceshouldbeanalyzedobjectively.
Besides,individualismshouldnotbebrandedwithselfishandegoismsinceitspositiveeffectonthedevelopmentofChinesesociety.Asanewdevelopingsocialistcountry,thedevelopmentinChinahasbeyondtheimaginationofallovertheworldandnowChinaplaysanimportantroleintheworldanditmayachievemoreinthefuture.Withtheabilityofstartanewwaytodevelopitself,Chinaachievedagreatsuccessinconstruction.
2.2RightAcknowledgementsoftheIndividualism
Tohavearightrecognitiontowardsindividualism,atfirst,oneshouldrealizeitsessencecorrectly.Therearetowimplicationsinindividualism.Firstispositive,thatisonehasanabilitytostruggleforhimself;grasphisownfate;dependonhimselfandupholdhisownpersonality.Itemphasizesonself-confidenceandbelievinginuniqueness.ThebeliefofAmericanpeopleis:
IamI;youareyou;IamnotyouandyouarenotI.meanwhile,theyalsoemphasizeonindependenceandself-reliance.Whattheyareproudofistheachievementthatgainedbyoneselfbutnotthroughthehelptha
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