汽车车辆底盘毕业课程外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word格式.docx
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汽车车辆底盘毕业课程外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word格式.docx
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Chassisincludetheclutch,thetransmission,thedriveshaft,thefinaldriveassembly,thefrontsuspension,therearsuspension,thesteeringsystem,thebrakesystem,thewheelsandtires.
1.clutch
Theengineproducesthepowertodrivethevehicle.Thedrivelineordrivetraintransferthepoweroftheenginetothewheels.Thedrivetrainconsistsofthepartsfromthebackoftheflywheeltothewheels.Thesepartsincludetheclutch,thetransmission,thedriveshaft,andthefinaldriveassembly.
Theclutchwhichincludestheflywheel,clutchdisc,pressureplate,springs,pressureplatecoverandthelinkagenecessarytooperatetheclutchisarotatingmechanismbetweentheengineandthetransmission.Itoperatesthroughfrictionwhichcomesfromcontactbetweentheparts.Thatisthereasonwhytheclutchiscalledafrictionmechanism.Afterengagement,theclutchmustcontinuetotransmitallenginetorquetotransmissiondependingonthefrictionwithoutslippage.Theclutchisalsousedtodisengagetheenginefromthedrivetrainwheneverthegearsinthetransmissionarebeingshiftedfromgearratiotoanother.
Tostarttheengineorshiftthegears,thedriverhastodepresstheclutchpedalwiththepurposeofdisengagementthetransmissionfromtheengine.Atthattime,thedrivenmembersconnectedtothetransmissioninputshaftareeitherstationaryorrotatingataspeedthatissloweroffasterthanthedrivingmembersconnectedtoenginecrankshaft.Thereisnospringpressureontheclutchassemblyparts.Sothereisnofrictionbetweenthedrivingmembersanddrivenmembers.Asthedriverletsloosetheclutchpedal,springpressureincreaseontheclutchparts.Frictionbetweenthepartsalsoincreases.Thepressureexertedbythespringsonthedrivenmembersiscontrolledbythedriverthroughtheclutchpedalandlinkage.Thepositiveengagementofthedrivinganddrivenmembersismadepossiblethefrictionbetweenthesurfacesofthemembers.Whenfullspringpressureisapplied,thespeedofthedrivinganddrivenmembersshouldbethesame.Atthemoment,theclutchmustactasacouplingdeviceandtransmitallenginepowertothetransmission,withoutslipping.
However,thetransmissionshouldbeengagedtotheenginegraduallyinordertooperatethecarsmoothlyandminimizetorsionalshockonthedrivetrainbecauseanengineatidlejustdeveloplittlepower.Otherwise,thedrivingmembersareconnectedwiththedrivenmemberstooquicklyandtheenginewouldbestalled.
Theflywheelisamajorpartoftheclutch.Theflywheelmountstotheengine’scrankshaftandtransmitsenginetorquetotheclutchassembly.Theflywheel,whencoupledwiththeclutchdiscandpressureplatemakesandbreakstheflowofpowertheenginetothetransmission.
Theflywheelprovidesamountinglocationfortheclutchassemblyaswell.Whentheclutchisapplied,theflywheeltransfersenginetorquetotheclutchdisc.Becauseofitsweight,theflywheelhelpstosmoothengineoperation.Theflywheelalsohasalargeringgearatitsouteredge,whichengageswithapiniongearonthestartermotorduringenginecranking.
Theclutchdiscfitsbetweentheflywheelandthepressureplate.Theclutchdischasasplinedhubthat
fitsoversplinesonthetransmissioninputshaft.Asplinedhubhasgroovesthatmatchsplinesontheshaft.Thesesplinesfitinthegrooves.Thus,thetwopartsheldtogether.However,back–and–forthmovementofthediscontheshaftispossible.Attachedtotheinputshaft,thediscturnsatthespeedoftheshaft.
Theclutchpressureplateisgenerallymadeofcastiron.Itisroundandaboutthesamediameterastheclutchdisc.Onesideofthepressureplateismachinedsmooth.Thissidewillpresstheclutchdiscfacingareagainsttheflywheel.Theoutersidehasshapestofacilitateattachmentofspringandreleasemechanism.Thetwoprimarytypesofpressureplateassembliesarecoilspringassemblyanddiaphragmspring.
Inacoilspringclutchthepressureplateisbackedbyanumberofcoilspringsandhousedwiththeminapressed–steedcoverboltedtotheflywheel.Thespringpushagainstthecover.Neitherthedrivenplatenorthepressureplateisconnectedrigidlytotheflywheelandbothcanmoveeithertowardsitoaway.Whentheclutchpedalisdepressedathrustpadridingonacarbonorballthrustbearingisforcedtowardstheflywheel.Leverspivotedsothattheyengagewiththethrustpadatoneendandthepressureplatetattheotherendpullthepressureplatebackagainstitssprings.Thisreleasespressureonthedrivenplatedisconnectingthegearboxfromtheengine.
Diaphragmspringpressureplateassembliesarewidelyusedinmostmoderncars.Thediaphragmspringisasinglethinsheetofmetalwhichyieldswhenpressureisappliedtoit.Whenpressureisremovedthemetalspringbacktoitsoriginalshape.Thecenterportionofthediaphragmspringisslitintonumerousfingersthatactasreleaselevers.Whentheclutchassemblyrotateswiththeenginetheseweightsareflungoutwardsbycentrifugalplateandcausetheleverstopressagainstthepressureplate.Duringdisengagementoftheclutchthefingersaremovedforwardbythereleasebearing.Thespringpivotsoverthefulcrumringanditsouterrimmovesawayfromtheflywheel.Theretractingspringpullsthepressureplateawayfromtheclutchplatethusdisengagingtheclutch.
Whenengagedthereleasebearingandthefingersofthediaphragmspringmovetowardsthetransmission.Asthediaphragmpivotsoverthepivotringitsouterrimforcesthepressureplateagainsttheclutchdiscsothattheclutchplateisengagedtoflywheel.
Theadvantagesofadiaphragmtypepressureplateassemblyareitscompactness,lowerweight,fewermovingparts,lessefforttoengage,reducesrotationalimbalancebyprovidingabalancedforcearoundthepressureplateandlesschancesofclutchslippage.
Theclutchpedalisconnectedtothedisengagementmechanismeitherbyacableor,morecommonly,byahydraulicsystem.Eitherway,pushingthepedaldownoperatesthedisengagementmechanismwhichputspressureonthefingersoftheclutchdiaphragmviaareleasebearingandcausesthediaphragmtoreleasetheclutchplate.Withahydraulicmechanism,theclutchpedalarmoperatesapistonintheclutchmastercylinder.Thisforceshydraulicfluidthroughapipetothecutchreleasecylinderwhereanotheroperatestheclutchdisengagementmechanismbyacable.
Theotherpartsincludingtheclutchfork,releasebearing,bell–housing,bellhousingcover,andpilotbushingareneededtocoupleanduncouplethetransmission.Theclutchfork,whichconnectstothelinkage,actuallyoperatestheclutch.Thereleasebearingfitsbetweentheclutchforkandthepressureplateassembly.Thebellhousingcoverstheclutchassembly.Thebellhousingcoverfastenstothebottomofthebellhousing.Thisremovablecoverallowsamechanictoinspecttheclutchwithoutremovingthetransmissionandbellhousing.Apilotbushingfitsintothebackofthecrankshaftandholdsthetransmissioninputshaft.
2.AUTOMATICTRANSMISSION
Themodernautomatictransmissionisbyfar,themostcomplicatedmechanicalcomponentintoday’sautomobile.Itisatypeoftransmissionthatsiftsitself.Afluidcouplingortorqueconverterisusedinsteadofamanuallyoperatedclutchtoconnectthetransmissiontotheengine.
Therearetwobasictypesofautomatictransmissionbasedonwhetherthevehicleisrearwheeldriveorfrontwheeldrive.Onarearwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallymountedtothebackoftheengineandislocatedunderthehumpinthecenterofthefloorboardalongsidethegaspedalposition.Adriveshaftconnectsthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhichislocatedintherearaxleandisusedtosendpowertotherearwheels.Powerflowonthissystemissimpleandstraightforwardgoingfromtheengine,throughthetorqueconverter,thentroughthetransmissionanddriveshaftuntilitreachesthefinaldrivewhereitissplitandsenttothetworeartransmission.
Onafrontwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallycombinedwiththefinaldrivetoformwhatiscalledatransaxle.Theengineonafrontwheeldrivecarisusuallymountedsidewaysinthecarwiththetransaxletuckedunderitonthesideoftheenginefacingtherearofthecar.Frontaxlesareconnecteddirectlytothetransaxleandprovidepowertofrontwheels.Inthisexample,powerfloesfromtheengine,throughthetorqueconvertertoalargerchainthatsendsthepowerthrougha180degreeturntothetransmissionthatisalongsidetheengine.Fromthere,thepowerisroutedthroughthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhereitissplitandsenttothetwofrontwheelsthroughthedriveaxles.
Thereareanumberofotherarrangementsincludingfrontdrivevehicleswheretheengineismountedfronttobackinsteadofsidewaysandthereareothersystemsthatdriveallfourwheelsbutthetwosystemsdescribedherearebyfarthemostpopular.Amuchlesspopularrearandisconnectedbyadriveshafttothetorqueconverterwhichisstillmountedontheengine.ThissystemisfoundonthenewCorvetteandisusedinordertobalancetheweightevenlybetweenthefrontandrearwheelsforimprovedperformanceandhandling.Anotherreardrivesystemmountseverything,theengine,transmissionandfinaldriveintherear.ThisrearenginearrangementispopularonthePorsche.
Themodernautomatictransmissionconsistsofmanycomponentsandsystemsthatdesig
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