Unit 10 Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册教案.docx
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Unit 10 Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册教案.docx
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Unit10Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册教案
Unit10Agriculture
UsefulInformation
Agricultureissoimportanttohumansocietiesthatitiseasytoforgethowthetechniquesandtechnologyofagriculturehavechangedovertheyears.
Itisquitecertainthatthefirstagriculturewasanaturalextensionofthehuntingandgatheringactivitiesofmaninseveraldifferentgeographicalareas.Mostarcheologistsandagriculturalhistoriansagreethatgrainplantswerethefirstplantstobecultivated.PossiblythefirstgraintobecultivatedwasaprimitivetypeofwheatwhichhadprobablybeengatheredfromthewildgrassesoftheMiddleEastinEurope.Byabout12,000yearsago,peoplehadbegunlivingintheearliestcities,andwheatwasharvestedintheareassurroundingthesecities.Ataboutthesametime,animalssuchasdogs,cattle,andgoatswerebeingdomesticatedbyraisingtheminpensinthesecities.Mostspecialistsintheoriginsofagriculturebelievethatsomewastewheatgrainswerethrownontowhatwecallgarbagedumps(middens)alongwithotherfoodandanimalwastes.Wheatgrainsinthisenvironmentgrewevenbetterthaninthewildgrasslands.Theycaughttheattentionofsomeofthegatherers,andwereharvestedandusedforfood.Overtime,themostvigorousplantswereselectedforuseascropfood,andthefirstagriculturalplantcropswereestablished.Wenowknowthatthetypesofwheatselectedrespondpositivelytohigh-nitrogencontent—theusualconditionsinmiddens—andourbestwheatproductionstillrequireshighlevelsofnitrogenfertilizersformaximumyieldandquality.
Soonafterthis,ricebecamecultivatedinSouthAsiaandmaize(corn)inNorthandSouthAmerica.
Theearliesttoolsforcultivationwerecrudestickstoloosentheearthandremoveweedsfromthegrainplantings.Harvestingtoolsconstructedwithwoodandsharp-edgedstoneswerecommonwithinallagriculturalcentersbyabout8,000yearsago.Also,bythattimedomesticatedanimalswerebeingusedasasourceofmilkaswellasmeat.Themilkhadtobeusedfresh,oritspoiled;butobservantpeoplefoundthatfermentationcouldbecontrolledtoproducedairyproductssuchasitemswhichresembledyogurtandcheeses.Inareaswherecoolwaterandiceformednaturally,weknowthatmeatandmilkwerecooledtoimprovetheirqualityandstorage.Manytypesoftoolsandcontainerswerefoundinearlycommunities,butitwasnotuntilanearlytypeofplowwaspulledbycattleorhorsesthattheagriculturalrevolutionbeganitsgreatprogress.
Harvestingtoolssuchassickles,scythes,knivesandwheeledcartswereimprovedduringtheBronzeAge(6,000to7,000yearsago)andironwasusedextensivelybyabout3,000yearsagotomakeplowpoints,knives,sickles,andsoon.
Steadyimprovementsinfarmingmethods,technologyanduseofirrigationandfertilization,aswellascarefulselectionofproductivetypesofanimalsandplants,tookplaceuntilaboutthe18thcenturywhentherewasanexplosivegrowthwhichutilizedsteelimplements,moreefficientplows,andlargertractsofcultivatedland.
Bythelatterpartofthe19thcentury,thedevelopmentofgasoline-drivenenginesandofimprovedharvesting,cultivating,andplantingimplementswaswidespreadintheWest,andthistechnologywasquicklyadaptedelsewhere.Innovationsgaverisetoourtractors,combines,cultivation,irrigationandfertilizer-spreadingimplements.However,evenmoreimportantwasthepossibilitythatasinglefamily,oragroupofneighbors,couldownhugeareasoflandwhichcouldbepreparedbythemfortheintensiveagriculturenowknownaroundtheworld.
Inthe20thcentury,applicationsofgeneticsandbiologygaveasolidscientificunderstandingofplantandanimalbreeding,morepreciseselectionofdesiredcropcharacteristicslikehighyields,coldandheatresistantvarietiesofcrops,andtheformationofspecialcompaniesforgrowingandpreparingseedfordistributiontofarmers.
Withthesesupports,somefarmersownedandharvestedcropsfromthousandsofacres.Itwaspossibletousesixormoreplowsforpreparingthesoil,ormorethantenself-propelledcombinesor“pickers”movingsidebysideoverhugefieldstoharvestthewheat,orcorn,orrice.
Canyouimaginetheshockitwouldbeiftheearliestfarmerscouldseeourmodernagriculturalmethodsandtechnology?
Doyouthinktherewillbemoreimprovementsinagricultureinthefuture?
Theanswerseemsalmostcertainlytobeyes,andwouldn’titbefuntoreturnandseefarminginanother1,000years?
PartOnePreparation
1.Let’sSingaSong
STEPTWO
OldMacDonaldHadaFarm
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
Andonhisfarmhehadsomecows,E,I,E,I,O.
Withamoo-moohereandamoo-moothere,
Hereamoo,thereamoo,everywhereamoo-moo,
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
Andonhisfarmhehadsomeducks,E,I,E,I,O.
Withaquack-quackhereandaquack-quackthere,
Hereaquack,thereaquack,everywhereaquack-quack,
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
Andonhisfarmhehadsomepigs,E,I,E,I,O.
Withanoink-oinkhereandanoink-oinkthere,
Hereanoink,thereanoink,everywhereanoink-oink,
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
Andonhisfarmhehadsomechickens,E,I,E,I,O.
Withachick-chickhereandachick-chickthere,
Hereachick,thereachick,everywhereachick-chick,
OldMacDonaldhadafarm,E,I,E,I,O.
cows
ducks
pigs
chickens
moo-moo
quack-quack
oink-oink
chick-chick
2.WordAssociation
1)crops(grains,fruits,vegetables,andsoon.):
wheat,cucumber,oat,pumpkin,strawberry,pepper
(morewords):
rice,corn,millet,barley,potato,tomato,yam,,lettuce,soybean,cabbage,beet,carrot,eggplant,bean,onion,garlic,spinach,pea,turnip,celery,mushroom,broccoli,cauliflower,asparagus,apple,pear,banana,peach,grape,orange,watermelon,pineapple,fig,mango,lemon,cherry,grapefruit,lychee/litchi,coconut,kiwifruit,tobacco
2)farmanimals:
cattle,turkey,goose,goat,duck
(morewords):
cow,horse,pig,dog,sheep,hen,chicken,goat,andsoon.
3)farmingtools:
sickle,tractor,fork,spade
(morewords):
axe,bucket,hoe,plow,graincombine(联合收割机),andsoon.
4)farmingmethods:
processing,weeding,tilling,irrigation,
(morewords):
plowing/planting,harvesting,storage,fertilization,andsoon.
3.ATrueorFalseGame
1)Thisisafunbettinggame.Makesurethatyourstudentsknowthattheywillgainthenumberofpointsthey’vebetiftheyguesscorrectly;andiftheirguessiswrong,theylosethenumberofpointsthey’vebet.Sotheymustbetcarefullydependingontheirconfidenceabouteachoftheanswers.
2)Answers:
1)T 2)F 3)T 4)F 5)F 6)F 7)F 8)T 9)F 10)T
3)Checkanswersorallyafterfiveminutesandfindoutwhoscoresthehighest.
4.LifeonaFarm
Sample1
IgrewupinavillageinthesoutheasternpartofChina.Villagersgrewrice,wheat,cornandvariouskindsofvegetables.Theyraisedsheep,pigs,chickens,andducks.Everyday,thevillagerswenttoworkinthefieldsatabout7inthemorningandtheygothomeatabout6intheevening.Mostofthefarmworkwasdonebymanuallabor.IstartedtohelpworkinthefieldswhenIwastenyearsold.Ifoundlifeinthecountryverytough.
Sample2
MygrandparentslivedinasmallvillageinthenorthofChina.Peoplethereusedtogrowrice,wheat,corn,peanutsandsoybeansaswellassomevegetables.Theyraisedpigs,chickens,ducksandgeese.IstillrememberhowsurprisedIwaswhenIfirstsawagooseegg.Itwassobig.Irememberthatpeoplethereworkedalldaylong,allyearround.Butmostofthemwerestillpoor.Theycoulddependonlyonwhattheygotfromthefields,whichinturndependedontheweatherandtheirluck.Manychildrencouldn’taffordtogotoschool.Theystartedtohelpwithhouseworkorfarmworkataveryearlyage.Ihaven’tbeenbacktothatvillageforyears.Ihopetheirlivesarebetternow.
PartTwoReading-CenteredActivities
In-ClassReading
I. Pre-Reading
Sample1
Ithinktheworldwillbeabletofeeditsgrowingpopulation.First,China,thenationwiththelargestpopulationintheworld,hasshowntherestoftheworldthatitiscapableoffeedingitspeople.Thisisveryencouragingtotheotherdevelopingnations.Second,scienceandtechnologywillenablehigheryieldsfromthesamepiecesofland.I’mpositivethatinthenearfuture,humanbeingswillbeabletofindasolutiontotheproblemoffoodshortage.
Sample2
Imaysoundabitpessimistic,butIamafraidthatitispossiblethatonedaytheearthwillnolongerbeabletosupportallthepeopleintheworld.Weallliveonanisland.Asourfamilygrowslargerandlarger,thefarminglandisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Eventhoughmodernscienceandtechnologymayenableustoincreasetheproductionoftheland,ithasitslimits.Modernpeopleareverywasteful.Theearthmaybeabletomeetourneeds,butitcannevermeetourgreed.Soweshouldalwayskeepitinmindtouseonlywhatweneed.
II. PassageReading
Words,PhrasesandGrammaticalPoints
1.Ifthesoilweretreatedbetter,farmerswouldnotneedtousechemicalfertilizers.(l.11)
这里是虚拟语气。
表明作者认为事实不太可能如此。
另见:
Ifpeopleinthesecountriesatelessmeat,therewouldbemoregraintofeedthehungrypeopleoftheworld.(l. 34-35)这句话隐含的意思为:
Itisnotlikelythatpeopleinthesecountrieswilleatlessmeat.
2.bringabout(l. 27):
causetoha
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- Unit 10 Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册教案 Agriculture 新编 大学 英语 第二 一册 教案