Canada.docx
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Canada.docx
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Canada
Canada
By冯霞,吴瑛,陈梦芸,陈心唯,施如意,黄芸芸
TheCountryanditsPeople;TheGovernmentandPoliticsofCanada
Area:
nearly10millionsquarekilometers,the2ndlargestcountryonearth
Economicpower:
amemberoftheBigSeven,theworld’sleadingindustrialnations
Internationalaffairs:
playsanactiveroleinpeacekeepingandhumanitarianmissionsandspearheadingaidanddevelopmentprograms
smallpopulation:
31.9million
LocatedontheNorthAmericancontinent
west-thePacificOcean;
east-theAtlanticOcean;
north-theArcticCircletotheNorthPole
sharesthelongestundefendednationalborderintheworldwiththeUS,asymboloftheirgoodrelation
mostoftheinhabitantsareaboriginalpeoples
2officiallanguages:
FrenchandEnglish;
severalAboriginallanguageshavebeengrantedthesameofficialstatus
2administrativeterritories-theYukonandtheNorthwestTerritories
Traditionalnortherneconomy:
huntingandtrappinganimalsforfoodandpelts
Currentnortherneconomy:
developingoilandgasdeposit
late1800s:
thousandsofminerspouredintotheYukonduringtheGoldRush.
BritishColumbia(BC)
western-mostprovince
has3majormountainrangesrunningthrough
Thelargest:
theRockies
LakeLouise,locatedintheRockies,themostfamousimageoftheCanadianlandscape
2ndlargestproducerofhydroelectricpower(maineconomicmainstay-forests)
hasthemostvaluableforestryinCanada
ThePrairies
flatandfeaturelessandhaveaharshcontinentalclimate
wheat–oneofCanada’sbiggestagriculturalcrops
Alberta–mainbeefandfeedproducer
Manitoba–theLandof1000,000Lakes
–produceshydroelectricity,awidevarietyofcropsandlivestock,energyresources
CentralCanada
OntarioandQuebec
–oldestpartsofCanadathatwerefirstsettled
-The1stcolonistssettledinQuebecintheearly1600s.
-farming,miningandforestryindustries
-mostmanufacturingandheavyindustries,actuallytheindustrialheartlandofthecountry
Canada’scapital:
Ottawa
Canada’s2ndlargestcity:
Montreal
TheAtlanticRegion
Maritimes:
NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,Newfoundland
-NovaScotia:
the1stpartofCanadatobesettled,in1604
-Newfoundland:
thelasttojoinCanada,in1949
-smallinpopulationandlargelyrelyonthefishingindustryforeconomicwealth
-richinfarmingandforestryproducts
Geography:
dictatesthekindsofimmigrantsanddifferentnaturesofCanadian
-BritishColumbia:
hasanold,well-establishedChinesepopulation,becauseChineseworkershelpedbuildtheCanadianNationalRailwaysystem
-Quebec:
FrenchlanguageandculturereflectitshistoryasaFrenchcolony
History
CanadaisthoughttohavebegunwiththearrivalofNorsemen(Vikings)inthe11thcenturywhocamefromthenorthernEuropeanregionsandexploredCanada’sfarnorth.
FrenchcolonistsfirstsettledCanadainthe17thcentury.
-TheearliestmajorsettlementswereestablishedinNovaScotiain1604anQuebecIn1608.
-TheFrenchwereessentiallyinterestedinCanada’srichwildlifewhichprovidedthebasisofthefurtrade.
-Frenchcompany:
theCompanyofNewFrance
Britishcompany:
theHudson’sBayCompany
BattlesbetweenthevariousIndiantribesandtheFrenchandBritishentrepreneursthroughoutthe18thcentury
Canada’shistorywasaffectedby:
-constantwarsfoughtbetweenBritainandFrancefarawayinEurope
-theAmericanWarofIndependence
-theFrenchRevolution
HistoricalBackgroundoftheGovernmentandPolitics
2majorforeigninfluencestoCanada’spoliticalsystem:
-itslegacyasaformercolonyofBritain
-thepowerfulinfluenceexertedbytheU.S.
CentralGovernment:
-retainedBritishstructures:
thecentralgovernmentwieldsmostpoliticalpower
-persuadedstrongprovincialgovernmentstojoinintotheCanadian“confederation”andpromisedtograntnewmembersspecialfavors
ProvincialGovernments:
-operateonthesamemodelasthefederalgovernmentatalowerlevel
-eachprovinceisledbyaPremier省总理,calledthelegislativeassembly
-havelargepowerovercontrollingthelocaleconomy,education,healthsystems
InfluenceofAmericanideastosomedegree:
-2slogansdefiningthepoliticalaspirations:
America:
“life,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”
Canada:
“peace,orderandgoodgovernment”
-US:
foundedontheideaofindividualism
Canada:
thewell-beingandlibertyofindividualsmustsometimesbesacrificedforthegreatergoodofthecommunity
thecentralconcernofCanadianpolicy-makers:
-findaworkablebalancebetweencommunityandindividualrights
-reconcilethe2communitiesofEnglish-speakingCanadaandFrench-speakingCanada
Canadianshavelikedlivinginasocietywhichallowsahighdegreeoftoleranceofdifferentvaluesandcustomsaslongastheoverallgoodofthecommunityisnotdisturbedbythem.
StructuresofGovernment
systemofgovernment:
basedontheBritishsystemofparliamentarydemocracy
-officialheadofstate:
theQueenofGreatBritain
-theQueenisrepresentedbyanofficialcalledaGovernor-General
-boththeQueenandtheGovernorGeneraloccupyrolesceremonially
thebiggestdifferencebetweenCanadaandtheUK:
-Canadaisafederation-itis10provincesand2territories,eachwiththeirowngovernmentandhavingagreatdealofpowerinrelationtothefederalgovernment
Canadawasthe1stpoliticalcommunitytocombinefederalismwithaBritishsystemofgovernment
Parliament:
dividedintoalowerhouse,theHouseofCommons;anupperhouse,theSenate
-themembersofparliamentinthehouseofcommonsarevotedbythepeople
-electoraldistrictsarebasedonpopulationratherthangeographicsizemoreMPsfromurbanareasandveryfewfromthesparselysettled,wilderregions
-thepartythatwinsthemostseatsformsthegovernment;
partyleaderbecomesPrimeMinister,themostimportantpersoninCanadiangovernment
-theCabinet,chosenbythePrimeMinister,consistsofseniorMPs
-theSenateisnotelectedbutappointedbytheGovernorGeneral,recommendedbythePrimeMinister
TheFederalPoliticalScene
Throughmostofthe20thcentury,federalpoliticalpowerhasbeenheldbyeithertheLiberalPartyorbytheProgressiveConservatives.Butneitherofthesepartieswaspopularthroughoutthewholecountry.
Inthe1993federalelection,theProgressiveConservativePartywascompletelywipedout,whichwaslargelyduetowhatvotersperceivedasbadmanagementoftheeconomy.
Inthe1993-1995government,theofficialoppositionpartywastheBlocQuebecoisfromthemainlyFrench-speakingprovinceofQuebecwhowanttoseparateentirelyandwinimportantconcessionsfromtherestofCanada.
Inthe1997election,arightwinggrassrootsparty,theReformParty,becomethecountry’sofficialoppositionandhasitsstrongestsupportinthewesternprovinces.
CanadianPrimeMinisters
PierreTrudeau(1968-1984)
-borninQuebec,French-speakingcommunity;isfluentatbothEnglish&French
-hadavisionofapowerfulandunitedCanadabasedonbilingualism
-workedhardtobringEnglishandFrenchCanadaclosertogether
-introducedvigorousprogramstopromotetheuseofFrenchthroughoutCanada
-tooknecessarystepstomakeCanadacompletelyindependentofGreatBritain
-introducedtheConstitutionActin1982whichgaveCanadacompletelegalindependence
-HiseffortstounitethecountryweresuccessfulinthatmanyCanadiansbecamefamiliarwith,andcommittedtoFrenchheritageandsawthiselementasoneofthethingsthatmadeCanadauniqueandinteresting.
MartinBrianMulroney(1984-1993)
-borninQuebec,English-speakingcommunity;isfluentatbothEnglish&French
-TheMulroneygovernmentintroducedtheMeechLakeAccordwhichwouldrecognizeQuebecasadistinctsociety
-TheMeechLakeAccordfailedin1990becausesomeprovincialgovernmentsobjectedthatallCanadiansshouldhavetheirrightsprotectedequally
-signedafreetradeagreementwiththeUS,bringingintobeingNAFTA(北美自由贸易协定)in1988
-NAFTAremovedtradebarriersbetweenCanadaandtheUSandpavedthewayforfurthersuchagreementswithMexicoandSouthAmerica
-HisgovernmentintroducedtheMulticulturalismAct(1988)
-theideaofmulticulturalismwasfirstannouncedbyTrudeauandwasexpressedagainintheCanadianCharterofRightsandFreedomsin1982
thefederalgovernmentpromisedtosupportanygroupswhichwantedtosustaintheirculturalidentity
JeanChretien
-borninQuebec,French-speakingcommunity
-anMPin1963aCabinetMinisteroneofTrudeau’smosttrustedcolleaguesthroughoutthe1970sseenasthenaturalsuccessortoTrudeau’svisionofkeepingCanadatogether
Similaritiesbetweenthe3influentialCanadianleaders
-sharedthevisionofastrong,unitedCanada
-havepaidspecialattentiontotheculturaldiversityofthenation
-triedtocreateaCanadathatFrenchspeakersfromQuebecfeelathomein
-theidealofamulticultural,bilingualCanadaemergedfromQuebec
-workedhardtoovercometheregionalismofthecountry
ItissaidthatCanadaisobsessedwithfederalismandwithlaw,andwithusingthelawtotrytocreateanationstateinwhichvariouscommunities,racesandreligiousarenotmerelytolerated,butrespected.
Canadahasareputationforbeing“boring”,butinfact,whatCanadianpolicy-makershavetriedtodoistofindpeacefulandfairmeanstoresolvecomplicatedpoliticalissues.
TheCanadianMosaic
→WhatmeansbyTheCanadianmosaic?
↘Americasocietyisa“meltingpot”,immigrantsthrowofftheiroldcustoms,languagesandtraditionsinfavorofbecoming“American”
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