英美文学史论总结.docx
- 文档编号:4162428
- 上传时间:2023-05-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:16
- 大小:27.78KB
英美文学史论总结.docx
《英美文学史论总结.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英美文学史论总结.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
英美文学史论总结
ChapterITheRenaissancePeriod(14th-mid-17thC)
(a).Renaissancereferstotheperiodoftransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Itwassparkedoffbyacombinationofhistoricalfactors.
(b)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ThenewhumanisticlearningthatresultedfromtherediscoveryofclassicalliteratureisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside.
(c)Thegreat16th-centuryreligiousrevolutioninEuroperesultedintheestablishmentoftheProtestantchurches.
(d)Thecontinuingdevelopmentoftrade,thegrowthofthemiddleclass,theeducationoftrade,thegrowthofthemiddleclass,theeducationforlaypeople,thecentralizationofpowerandofmuchintellectuallifeinthecourt,andthewideninghorizonsofexplorationgaveanewimpetus推动,促进anddirectiontoliterature.
(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生的欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是一些历史因素的合力作用下引发的,如对希腊的罗马古典文化的重新发现,宗教改革运动,地理和自然科学领域的探索,以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征,它颂扬人性,强调以“人”为本,宣传人性解放,反对神秘主义的中古神权,反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展,中产阶级逐渐壮大,非神职人员获得受教育的机会,王权巩固,宫廷成为文化生活的中心,以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野,所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国,使那里的出版迅速增加,随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
(1).HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.
(2).Humanismfocusedontheimportanceofhumanbeing,andhumanvaluewasalsoreflectinginthehumanism.
(3).ThebestrepresentativewritersandthinkersofhumanismwereShakespeare,MarlowandBaconintheRenaissanceperiod.
(4).humanismcanbetracedbackto追溯AncienttimesandChaucerforeshowed预示thespriteofhumanism.(1是书上的。
剩下都是戴尔)
WhatistheprocessoftheEnglishRenaissanceliterature?
HowdidtheEnglishliteraturedevelopintheRenaissancePeriod?
HowdowegrouptheEnglishRenaissanceliterature?
ChapterIITheNeoclassicalPeriod(1660-1798)
问:
Whatisthebeliefoftheneoclassicistsaboutliterature?
Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters(Homer,Virgil,andsoon)andthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.(一考通同书一样)
问:
Accordingtotheneoclassicists,whatarethestandardsforliteratureduringtheneoclassicalperiod?
Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenre类型ofliterature.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines);thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredtoandtypecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.(一考通同书一样)
ChapterIIItheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)
WhatisthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofEnglishRomanticism?
A.Historically,itwasprovokedbytheFrenchRevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolution.
B.Culturally,thepublicationofFrenchphilosopherRousseau’stwobooksprovidednecessaryguidingprinciplesfortheFrenchRevolutionwhicharousedgreatsympathyandenthusiasminEngland;
C.Englandexperiencedprofoundeconomicandsocialchanges:
theEnclosureMovementandtheagriculturalmechanization;thecapitalistclassgraspedthepoliticalpowerandcametodominatetheEnglishsociety(一考通)
DefinitionofRomanticism[P157,P160]
1.Asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1789withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.ItwasfirststartedinGermany.
2.TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditions.
3.TheRomanticssawboththecorruptionandinjusticeofthefeudalsocietiesandthefundamentalinhumanityoftheeconomic,socialandpoliticalforcesofcapitalism.
4.Theleadingromanticthinkersdemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.
5.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.
6.Romanticismtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.
CharacteristicsofRomanticliteratureinEnglishhistory.
TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetryBlake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy:
theybelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.
TheRomanticsnotonlyextol赞美thefaculty才能ofimagination,butalsostresstheconceptofspontaneity自发性andinspiration灵感,regardingthemassomethingcrucial至关重要的fortruepoetry.
Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.Wordsworthistheclosesttonature.
Toescapefromaworldthathadbecameexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialisticandugly,theRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplaces,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRomeandrationalItalianandFrenchneoclassicalartassuperiortothenativetraditions.
TotheRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldturntothehumblepeopleandtheireverydaylifeforsubjects;RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesofstructureandstyle.(小雨)
问:
Whatarethefeaturesofromanticpoetry?
TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Romanticpoetsstartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.
Wordsworth’stheoryofpoetryiscallingforsimplethemesdrawnfromhumblelifeexpressedinthelanguageofordinarylife.
Imagination,definedbyColeridge,isthevitalfacultythatcreatesnewwholesoutofdisparateelements.
Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.
TheRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplacestoescapefromaworldthathadbecomeexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialisticandugly.
Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRomeandrationalItalianandFrenchneoclassicalartassuperiortothenativetraditions.
ToRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldturntothehumblepeopleandthecommoneverydaylifeforsubjects.RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesoforganizationandstyle.(应试同书上差不多)
Chapter4theVictorianPeriod(1836-1901)
WhatistheVictorianliterature?
AndinwhatfielddidtheVictorianliteraturetakeitsfullswing?
Victorianliterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitude巨大anddiversity多样性.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople'slifeandthought.Greatwritersandgreatworksabounded.
1)thenovel
Inthisperiod,thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.AmongthefamousnovelistsofthetimewerethecriticalrealistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.etc.
Theycarriedtheirdutyforwardtothecriticismofthesocietyandthedefenceofthemass.Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,theysharedonethingincommon,thatistheywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutions,thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianism,andthewidespreadmisery,povertyandinjustice.
AndinthelastfewdecadestherealsoGeorgeEliot,wasthefirstnovelistthat“startedputtingalltheactionsinside”andThomasHardy,thatWessexmanwhonotonlycontinuedtoexposeandcriticizeallsortsofsocialiniquities,butfinallycametoquestionandattacktheVictorianconventionsandmorals.
2)prosewring
theVictorianagealsoproducedahostofgreatprosewrite:
ThomasCarlyle,ThomasBabingtonMacaulay,MatthewArnold,JohnHenryNewman,JohnStuartMill,JohnRuskinandThomasHenryHuxley
manyofthemjoinedforceswiththecriticalrealistnovelistsinexposingandcriticizingthesoci
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 美文 史论 总结