最新英语四级阅读训练复习过程Word文档下载推荐.docx
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最新英语四级阅读训练复习过程Word文档下载推荐.docx
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A.Millionsofschool-leaversintherichworldareabouttobidatearfulgoodbyetotheirparentsandstartanewlifeatuniversity.Someareinspiredbyapureloveoflearning.Butmostalsobelievethatspendingthreeorfouryearsatuniversity--andaccumulatinghugedebtsintheprocess--willboosttheirchancesoflandingawell-paidandsecurejob.
B.Theireldershavealwaystoldthemthateducationisthebestwaytoequipthemselvestothriveinaglobalisedworld.Blue-collarworkerswillseetheirjobsoutsourcedandautomated,thefamiliarargumentgoes.Schooldropoutswillhavetocopewithalifeofcash-strapped(资金紧张的)insecurity.Butthegraduateelitewillhavetheworldatitsfeet.Thereissomeevidencetosupportthisview.ArecentstudyfromGeorgetownUniversity'
sCentreonEducationandtheWorkforcearguesthat"
obtainingapost-secondarycredential(证书)isalmostalwaysworthit."
Educationalqualificationsaretightlycorrelatedwithearnings:
anAmericanwithaprofessionaldegreecanexpecttopocket$3.6moveralifetime;
onewithmerelyahigh-schooldiplomacanexpectonly$1.3m.Thegapbetweenmore-andless-educatedearnersmaybewidening.Astudyin2002foundthatsomeonewithabachelor'
sdegreecouldexpecttoearn75%moreoveralifetimethansomeonewithonlyahigh-schooldiploma.Todaythedisparityisevengreater.
C.Butisthepastareliableguidetothefuture?
Orareweatthebeginningofanewphaseintherelationshipbetweenjobsandeducation?
Therearegoodreasonsforthinkingthatoldpatternsareabouttochange--andthatthecurrentrecession-drivendownturn(衰退)inthedemandforWesterngraduateswillmorph(改变)intosomethingstructural.Thestrongwindofcreativedestructionthathasshakensomanyblue-collarworkersoverthepastfewdecadesisbeginningtoshakethecognitiveeliteaswell.
D.Thesupplyofuniversitygraduatesisincreasingrapidly.TheChronicleofHigherEducationcalculatesthatbetween1990and2007thenumberofstudentsgoingtouniversityincreasedby22%inNorthAmerica,74%inEurope,144%inLatinAmericaand203%inAsia.In2007150mpeopleattendeduniversityaroundtheworld,including70minAsia.Emergingeconomies—speciallyChina--arepouringresourcesintobuildinguniversitiesthatcancompetewiththeeliteofAmericaandEurope.Theyarealsoproducingprofessional-servicesfirmssnchasTataConsultingServicesandInfosysthattakefreshgraduatesandturnthemintoworld-classcomputerprogrammersandconsultants.Thebestandthebrightestoftherichworldmustincreasinglycompetewiththebestandthebrightestfrompoorercountrieswhoarewillingtoworkharderforlessmoney.
E.Atthesametime,thedemandforeducatedlaborisbeingreconfigured(重新配置)bytechnology,inmuchthesamewaythatthedemandforagriculturallaborwasreconfiguredinthe19thcenturyandthatforfactorylaborinthe20th.Computerscannotonlyperformrepetitivementaltasksmuchfasterthanhumanbeings.Theycanalsoempoweramateurstodowhatprofessionalsoncedid:
whyhireaflesh-and-bloodaccountanttocompleteyourtaxreturnwhenTurbotax(asoftwarepackage)willdothejobatafractionofthecost?
Andthevarietyofjobsthatcomputerscandoismultiplyingasprogrammersteachthemtodealwithtoneandlinguisticambiguity.
F.Severaleconomists,includingPaulKrugman,havebeguntoarguethatpost-industrialsocietieswillbecharacterizednotbyarelentlessriseindemandfortheeducatedbutbyagreat"
hollowingout"
asmid-leveljobsaredestroyedbysmartmachinesandhigh-leveljobgrowthslows.DavidAutor,oftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),pointsoutthatthemaineffectofautomationinthecomputereraisnotthatitdestroysblue-collarjobsbutthatitdestroysanyjobthatcanbereducedtoaroutine.AlanBlinderofPrincetonUniversity,arguesthatthejobsgraduateshavetraditionallyperformedareifanythingmore"
offshorable"
thanlow-wageones.Aplumberorlorry-driver'
sjobcannotbeoutsourcedtoIndia.Acomputerprogrammer'
scan.
G.Auniversityeducationisstillaprerequisiteforenteringsomeofthegreatindustries,suchasmedicine,lawandacademia(学术界),thatprovidesecureandwell-payingjobs.Overthe20thcenturytheseindustriesdidawonderfuljobofraisingbarrierstoentry--sometimesforgoodreasons(nobodywantstobeoperatedonbyabarber)andsometimesforself-interestedones.Buttheseindustriesarebeginningtobendtheroles.Newspapersarefightingalosingbattlewiththeblogosphere.Universitiesarereplacingtenure-trackprofessorswithnon-tenuredstaff.Lawfirmsarecontractingoutroutineworksuchas"
discovery"
(diggingupdocumentsrelevanttoalawsuit)tocomputerized-searchspecialistssuchasBlackstoneDiscovery.Evendoctorsarethreatened,aspatientsfindadviceonlineandtreatmentinWalmart'
snewhealthcenters.
H.ThomasMaloneofMITarguesthatthesechanges--automation,globalizafionandderegulation--maybepartofabiggerchange:
theapplicationofthedivisionoflabortobrain-work.AdamSmith'
sfactorymanagersbroketheproductionofpinsinto18components.Inthesameway,companiesareincreasinglybreakingtheproductionofbrain-workintoevertinierslices.TopCoderchopsupITprojectsintobite-sizedchunksandthenservesthemuptoaworldwideworkforceoffreelancecoders.
I.Thesechangeswillundoubtedlyimprovetheproductivityofbrain-workers.Theywillallowconsumerstosidestep(规避)theprofessionalindustriesthathaveextractedhighrentsfortheirservices.Andtheywillempowermanybrain-workerstofocusonwhattheyarebestatandcontractoutmoretedioustaskstoothers.Butthereconfigurationofbrain-workwillalsomakelifefarlesscozyandpredictableforthenextgenerationofgraduates.
46.Thecreativedestructionthathashappenedtoblue-collarworkersinthepastalsostartstoaffectthecognitiveelite.
47.Forthenextgenerationofgraduates,lifewillbefarlesscomfortableandpredictablewithbrain-workreconfigured.
48.Aftercomputersaretaughtbyprogrammerstodealwithtoneandlinguisticambiguity,thevarietyofjobstheycandowillincreasedramatically.
49.Mostschool-leaversbelievethat,despitethehugedebtstheyowe,goingtouniversitywillincreasetheirchancesofgettingsecurejobswithhighsalaries.
50.Moderncompaniesaremorelikelytobreaktheproductionofintellectualworkintoevertinierslices.
51.AscholarofPrincetonUniversityclaimsthatthejobstraditionallytakenbygraduatesaremorelikelytobeoffshoredthanlow-wageones.
52.TheincomegapbetweenanAmericanprofessionaldegreeholderandanAmericanhigh-schoolgraduateshowsincomeiscloselyrelatedtoeducationalqualifications.
53.Thechangesinthedivisionofbrain-workwillsaveconsumerssomehighservicefeestheprofessionalorganizationscharge.
54.Somestudentshavealwaysbeentoldthat.toachievesuccessinaglobalisedworld,itismostadvisabletoequipthemselveswitheducation.
55.EmergingeconomiesareprovidingalotofresourcestobuilduniversitiestocompetewiththeeliteofAmericaandEurope.
SectionC
Directions:
Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B.,C.andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
SectionB
Addicted,Really?
A.Mental-healthspecialistsdisagreeoverwhethertoclassifycompulsiveonlinebehaviourasaddiction---andhowtotreatit.CraigSmallwood,adisabledAmericanwarveteran,spentmorethan20,000hoursoverfiveyearsplayinganonlinerole-playinggamecalled"
LineageII"
.WhenNCsoft,theSouthKoreanfirmbehindthegame,accusedhimofbreakingthegame'
srulesandbannedhim,hewasplungedintodepression,severeparanoia(偏执)andhallucinations(幻想).Hespentthreeweeksinhospital.Afterthat,hesuedNCsoftforfraudandnegligence(过失),demandingover$9mindamagesandclaimingthatthecompanyactednegligentlybyfailingtowarnhimofthedangerthathewouldbecome"
addicted"
tothegame.
B.Butdoesitmakesensetotalkofaddictiontoonlineactivity?
Mental-healthspecialistssaythreeonlinebehaviorscanbecomeproblematicformanypeople:
videogames,pornography(色情作品)andmessagingviae-mailandsocialnetworks.Butthereisfarlessagreementaboutwhetheranyofthisshouldbecalled"
Internetaddiction"
--orhowtotreatit.
C.Somemental-healthspecialistswanted"
tobeincludedinthefifthversionofpsychiatry'
sbible,the"
DiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders"
knownasDSM-V,whichiscurrentlybeingoverhauled(全面修订).TheAmericanMedicalAssociationendorsed(赞成)theideain2007,onlytobacktrac
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