全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题
SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot _1_ itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw _2_ justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat _3_ thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe _4_ asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot _5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself _6_tothecodeofconductthat _7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases _8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla _9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw _10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions _11_theywouldbefreeto _12_ thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto _13_ politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely _14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial _15_ likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit _16_ isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily _17_ asunjust.
Thejusticesmust _18_ doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves _19_ tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand, _20_,convincingaslaw.
1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D]recognize
2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D]unless
3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D]accepted
5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded
6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone
7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies
8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle
9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict
10.[A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though
12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace
13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer
14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions
16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls
17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted
18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable
20.[A]byallmeans [B]atallcosts [C]inaword [D]asaresult
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthe wordspeerpressure. Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.Butinhernewbook JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!
”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive. JointheClub isfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas
[A]asupplementtothesocialcure
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics
[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers
[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers
[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors
[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis
[A]harmful
[B]desirable
[C]profound
[D]questionable
Text2
Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwas renegingon alongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclea
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