神秘档案.docx
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神秘档案.docx
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神秘档案
英語文選必讀系列
MysteryFiles:
LeonardodaVinci-天才達文西
He’soneofthemostfamousmulti-taskers
ofalltime.
Theoriginal‘RenaissanceMan’,
anartistandinventor
whoseideasoutstrippedhisownage.
Thetank,thedivingsuit,
thehelicopter.Butlittleknownevidence
hascometolightthatsuggests
adifferentstory-onefarlessrevolutionary
thancommonlybelieved.
Heisveryawareoftheknowledgeofhistime
andhedrawsfromthisknowledge.
Coulditbethatthismedievalsuperstar
wasnot,afterall,
amanaheadofhistime?
Inaninvestigationwhichdelvesinto
theactualtechnologicaladvances
of15th&16thCenturyEurope...
Andusesmoderntoolstopeelbackthelayers
ofthismosticonicpainting,
Weopenthemysteryfiles
onLeonardoDaVinci.
Italyinthe16thCentury.
Oneofthegreatesterasofinnovation
inarts,engineeringandscience
theworldhaseverknown.
Andperhapsitsmostcelebratedfigure
isLeonardodaVinci.
Inthecenturiessincehisdeath,
hehasbeentransformedinto
analmostGod-likesymbol
oftheItalianRennassiance.
RenaissanceHistorianMonicaAzzolini
isexploringDaVinci’selevation
tothehighestrankofItaly’sgreatartists.
Leonardoovertimehasbecomealmostanicon,
sothereisthisromanticidea
oftheRenaissancegenius
andhehasembodiedthatidea.
Soit’sverymuchakindofcreation
ofamyththatrepresentsallthatisgood
abouttheRenaissance.
TheinvestigationintohowLeonardo
earnedhiscultstatusbeginsin1452
inthetownofVinciinTuscany.
Leonardoisbornthebastardson
ofapeasantgirlandarespectednotary.
Yetdespitethesehumblebeginnings
Leonardowillgoontoinfluencethethinking
ofvirtuallyeverypathoflearning.
Butitwasonlylongafterhisdeath
thatthestaggeringextentofideas
anddisciplinesLeonardoturnshistalentsto
becomesclear.//Leonardo’snotebooks
becomeaccessibleforthefirsttime
inthelate19thcentury.
TheGermanscholarJean-PaulRichter
startstranscribingandthentranslates
alargenumberofhisnotebooks.
Andwiththepublicationofhiswork
inthelate19thcentury,
thecontentofhisnotebooks
becomesfinallyavailable
andaccessibletoscholars.
Astoundedbyideasandinventiveness
capturedinhisnotebooks,
thepublicbeginstorevereLeonardo
assomekindofsupernaturalgenius.
TheperceptionofLeonardochanges
becausescholarsrealisethevastamount
ofhisknowledge,thevariety
ofhissubjects,andtherefore
theperceptionofLeonardo
asapolymathdevelops.
Hebeginstobeseenasaman
capableofalmostanything.
Yetexpertsareuncoveringevidence
thatsomeoftheideasinLeonardo’snotebooks
maynotafterallhaveoriginated
inthemindofthegreatmanhimself.
Leonardo’sprecocioustalent
hadinfactbroughthimintodirectcontact
withmanyofthemoversandshakers
oftheRenaissance.
Inthelate15thcentury,
thegreatartpatronLudovicoSforza
seizestheduchyofMilanfromhisnephew.
HetakesoverthefamilyseatinMilan,
theSforzaCastle,and,hires
theleadingartistsandengineerstoadornit.
In1482,Leonardoisinvited
tojoinSforza’sselectcircle.
HestaysattheCastlefor17years.
In1496,LucaPacioli,
theeminentmathematician,
movesintoSforza’scourt.
WhileteachinginMilanhegetstoknowLeonardo
andLeonardolearnsmuchofhismathematics
fromLucaPacioli,sotherewasasortof
relationshipofstudent/pupil.
In1499,theFrenchinvadeItaly
andSforzaistoppledfrompower.
Nowwithoutapatron,LeonardoandPacioli
leaveMilanbutcarryontheircollaboration.
LeonardohimselfthenhelpsPacioli,
heiscreditedwithhavingdrawn
thepolyhedral,thatistosay
thesolidsthatareinoneofPacioli’s
mostdistinguishedworks,
theDivinaProportione,ondivineproportion.
Themathematicalknowledgehesoaksup
whilewithPacioliunderpinsmuchof
theengineeringworkhewilllater
becomerenownedfor.
Andmathsisnottheonlyarea
whereLeonardolearnsfromothers.
Furtherinvestigationsappeartohaveuncovered
theinspirationforsomeofLeonardo’s
famousinventions.
Thedivingsuit,
thetank,
theflyingmachines,coulditbethat
thesefuturisticdesignswerenotconceived
byLeonardodaVinci?
ProfessorPaoloGalluzzi
hasextensivelystudied
Italy’sscientificheritage.
>FromFlorence,heiswellplaced
toinvestigateLeonardo’slinks
tootherengineersoftheRenaissance.
IfwewanttoapproachtherealLeonardo,
thehistoricalLeonardo,
wehavetoputLeonardointocontext.
InthebeginningoftheRenaissance,
thereisaflourishing
oftechnologicaladvancementinSiena.
AhotbedofactivitySienabecomesacentre
ofengineeringinnovation.
Only50kilometresseparatethecities.
Anewmovementemergesthattriesto
combineclassicaltechnology
withthedevelopmentofexperimentaldevices.
MarianoTaccolaisattheforefront
ofthisnewbreedofengineers.
Taccolaisaveryimportantstepinthis
becausehismanuscriptsarefullofimages,
hundredsandhundredsofimagesofmachines.
Itisarevolutioncomparedto
whatwehavebefore.
TheItalianRenaissancetowns
arefilledwithstatuesoftheirillustrious
formerresidentsbutTaccolaissurprisingly
notcelebratedasextensively…
Inspiteoffivesurvivingvolumes
ofthisgroundbreakingartistengineer’swork
servingasrecognitionofhisingenuity.
Andthesimilaritiesbetween
Taccola’sdrawingsandLeonardo’snotebooks
arehardtoignore.Thereisevenafigure
resemblingtheVitruvianman,
albeitcruderthanLeonardo’sfamousdrawing.
Andthereisdocumentaryevidence
thatLeonardosawTaccola’swork.
FrancescodiGiorgio,
anotherprominentSieneseengineer
inheritedallofTaccola’smanuscripts
andbasedsomeofhisworkonthem,
improvingthequalityofdesign
andillustration,justasLeonardo
wouldlaterdowithDiGiorgio’s.
Leonardocertainlyownedatleast
oneofDiGiorgio’smanuscripts.
OnesurvivesfromLeonardo’s
personallibrarythatstillhas
Leonardo’sownnotesinthemargins.
Ihavefoundonlyoneevidence,
directevidenceofa,let’scallit
quotationofTaccolainLeonardo’smanuscripts,
butthisisenoughtoletussuppose,
morethansuppose,thatLeonardo
hadaccesstoTaccola.FrancescodiGiorgio,
inheritedallTaccola’smanuscripts
andLeonardoownedoneofFrancesco’s
manuscripts.Sothereisatransmission
ofknowledgefromTaccola
toFrancescodiGiorgiotoLeonardo.
IntheSienesemanuscripts
thereareimagesofunderwater
breathingdevices,manyofwhich
aresurprisinglysimilartoLeonardo’s.
Wehaverecordsfromearly15thcenturytext
ofattemptsatputtingmen
inconditiontogounderwater.
Leonardo’sdesignseemstobeanamalgamation
ofallofthem.
ButliketheVitruvianMan,
Leonardo’sdrawings
havedistinctdifferencestoo.
It’sverycrude,veryrudedrawing,
andyoudonotunderstand
asmuchasyouunderstandfromLeonardo’s.
SoLeonardodoesn’tinvent
thefirstunderwaterdivingmask
buthedoessignificantlyadvancetheprototype.
AnditisnotjustthatLeonardo’sillustrations
arebetter,hetechnicallyimproves
theapparatus.
Leonardohasalsoenteredpopularculture
asapioneerinthefieldofflight.
Allegedlythefirsttounderstand
aviationprinciples,heisnowhonoured
astheinventorofcountlessflyingdevices
tolaunchmanthroughtheair,
fromparachutestohanggliders
tohelicopters.
HistorianDrTobiasCapwell
hascometotheEnglishcountyofWiltshire
toinvestigatethelife
ofoneofLeonardo’sforerunner’s,
EilmerofMalmesbury.//Eilmerwasamonk
basedatthemedievalmonastery
hereinMalmsbury-hewasprobablyborn
inabout980or985AD
andheprobablydied
shortlyaftertheNormaninvasionin1066.
Hisstoryappearsina12thcenturymanuscript
andrevealsanachievement
thatchallengesLeonardo’sstatus
asthetrailblazerofflightdesign.
Intheearly12thcentury
anothermonkofMalmsburyWilliam
wroteahistoryofEngland-
calledthedeedsoftheEnglishkings
andit’sinthisthatElmerappears.
“Hewasamanlearnedforthosetimes…
andinhisearlyyouth
hazardedadeedofremarkableboldness.
Hehadbysomemeans…
fastenedwingstohishandsandfeet
sothathemightflylikeDaedalus,
andcollectingthebreeze
uponthesummitofatower,
flewformorethanafurlong.
Butagitatedbytheviolenceofthewind
andtheswirlingofair…
hefell,brokebothhislegs
andwaslameeverafter.”
Themostimportantpartofthisstory
actuallyasrealhistoryisthefactthat
thehistorianWilliamofMalmesbury
isnotonlyknowntobeone
ofourmostreliablehistorians-
buthealsocomesfromthesameplace
thatEilmercamefrom.Williamwouldhave
talkedtopeoplewhosegrandparents
orgreatgrandparentshadactuallyseenEilmer
flyoverMalmsburysoit’sanextraordinary-
almosteyewitnessaccount.
ThetowerEilmerlauncheshimselffrom
isnolongerstandingbutthepresentabbey
ismuchthesameheight.
Peeringdownfromitsroof,
wecanappreciatejusthowdaring
Eilmerwastoleapintothinair.
Thespotwhereheissaidtohavelanded
isstillknowntovillagers
andiscalledOliver’sLane.
Oliverbeingthename
Eilmerismistakenlygiven
ina14thcenturyretellingofthestory.
AccordingtoWilliamofMalmesbury,
Eilmerstaysairborneforover200metres.
That’smorethanhalftheheight
oftheEmpireStatebuilding!
PlottingEilmer’sflightpath
throughthevillagetoday,
showsjusthowimpressivehisfeatwas.
ThefactthatElmercrashed
andbrokebothofhislegs
mustn’tatallbetakenatomeanthat
hisflightwasunsuccessful
hestartedataheightof25meters
andflewforadistanceofover200meters
that’sarespectableflig
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