美国文学选读复习资料.docx
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美国文学选读复习资料.docx
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美国文学选读复习资料
AmericanPuritanism殖民地时期
(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th)
一、
BenjaminFranklin
本杰明?
富兰克林
作品:
1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言历书》---ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthevalueof
workandsavingsforsuccess.
2、TheAutobiography《自传》---“美国梦”的根源
3、参与起草《独立宣言》
浪漫主义AmericanRomanticism
TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivil
War.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.
ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism
TheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.
TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.
Thedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanent
conventionofAmericanliterature.
TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoral
values.
Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:
moralenthusiasm
lueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworld
faithinvawasasourc
eofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.
二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡
---poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70shortstories)
Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof
“
Artforart
’ssake.
”
Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(
心理分析批评
),andthedetectivestory.
诗歌的精髓就是
追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡,其中还运用了象征手法。
ThePoeticPrinciple:
1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;
2.Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);
3.Melancholy忧伤(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).
代表作:
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia《莉盖亚》
AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·李》
TheRaven《乌鸦》
TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothicnovel
人物:
蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato,筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活
埋的故事。
三.爱默生
Emerson=ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism
Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen
超验主义
牧师【
pastor
】.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
AmericanTranscendentalism
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownas
“AmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar
thehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocates
inEmersonandThoreau.Transcendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthe
materialismofAmericansociety.
.Itis
Transcendentalism超验主义(+H.D.Thoreau;NathanielHawthorne;)
ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:
①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportant
thingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙
②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividual
isthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会
③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritor
God.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodingpresence’.s自overwhelm然+
上帝
代表作:
Nature
《论自然》
---theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson
;
Self-Reliance《论自助》---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一
一TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》;
TheOver-soul
《论超灵》
四、NathanielHawthorne
纳撒尼尔·霍桑
---effectedby
超验主义
HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.
Oneofthemostambivalent(矛盾的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.
主要成就:
美国心理分析小说的开创者
代表作:
MossesfromanOldManse
浪漫主义小说家
《古宅青苔》;
心理小说家
Twice-ToldTales
《故事重述》;
TheMarbleFaun
《玉石雕像》;
TheHouseoftheSevenGables
《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
TheScarletLetter
《红字》
ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.
Theme:
Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandt
ruefeelings.
TheScarletLetter《红字》:
HesterPrynne---strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;Pearl---innocent,perceptive;
RogerChillingworth---amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;ArthurDimmesdale---intelligentandemotional.
[Symbolisminhisworks
Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统
andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthe
biggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebest]
symbolists.
五、HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.
代表作:
WhiteJacket《白外衣》
BillyBudd《毕利·伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
MobyDick1851《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗(《熊》福克纳、《老
人与海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔)
[MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworld
inwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthis
universelivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.
Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthus
revealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:
lonelinessandsuicidal
individualisminaself-styleddemocracy.
(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)
SymbolisminMobyDick:
---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,
consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindin
questofthetruth寻找真理
andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.
---Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocial
andethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodis
themicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,
MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant
性的,andbeautifulaswell.]
恶
六.
H.D.Thoreau
梭罗
andhiswork
Walden瓦尔登湖
andtestsThoreau
notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelops’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.
七.
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
朗费罗
FeaturesofLongfellow
’
spoeticworks
1)lChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.
2)lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.
3)lConventionalstyleandsubjects
4)lGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.
5)lSimplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。
传统派,励志型。
诗集:
《夜吟》
VoicesoftheNight
《歌谣及其他》
BalladsandOtherPoems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha
诗歌:
《我射出一支箭······》
IShotanArrow...
APsalmofLife
《生命颂
/人生颂》
---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
八、WaltWhitman
沃尔特·惠特曼
美国著名诗人、人文主义者,他创造了诗歌的
自由体
(FreeVerse---withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.
),
ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草叶集》waspublishedin1855.
Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualism
areallthat
concernedhim.
WritingfeaturesofWhitman
---Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.
---Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.---Freeverse,
rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.
诗歌:
《我歌唱自我》One'sSelfISing
《噢,船长!
我的船长!
》OCaptain!
MyCaptain!
九、EmilyDickinson(19世纪唯一出名的女作家)
---IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.
美国女诗人,狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡,对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌,她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。
宅女,想象力,诗歌(死亡、爱情、失败、无标点
)
Whitman:
society
Dickinson:
innerlifeoftheindividual
Mostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.
EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.
Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.
作品:
《要描绘一片草原······》ToMakeaPrairie
《最美妙的胜利感觉》SuccessIsCountedSweetest
《我是无名之辈》I'mNobody!
TheAgeofRealism
[Thewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists----naturalgood
ness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.
Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivil
WarItwasareactionagainst“thelieof”Romanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewayto
Modernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“realityoflife”startedanewperiodinthe
AmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.]
Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:
WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJames
JameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.
Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.
Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.
MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“lifeof”the
Americans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”
ofman.
十、MarkTwain马克·吐温
Writing:
humorandlocalcolorism
Thecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:
---Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticular
con
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