国概课后习题整理文档格式.docx
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国概课后习题整理文档格式.docx
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EnglishculturalactivitieshavepermeatedCanadathroughthedominanceoftheEnglishlanguage.
TheeliteofBritishCanadiansarewhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantswhodominatethebusinessandindustryofeveryprovince,evenQué
bec.
TheFrenchwerethefirstEuropeanstoestablishpermanentmilitaryandtradingsettlementsinwhatistodayCanada.
ThemajorityofFrenchCanadiansliveinQué
bec,wheretheymakeupabout80percentofthepopulation.
FrenchimmigrantshailedfromallpartsofFrance,andnooneregionaldialecttookhold.Intimethedialectsfusedtogethertoformasingledialect,CanadianFrench,whichisdistinctfromtheFrenchspokeninFrance.
Germens,Ukrainians,Dutch,Polish,andScandinavianswereamongthoseimmigrantswhohelpedsettletheCanadianWestduringtheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury.
Asianimmigrantswhohavegainedlegalentrancetothecountryareoftenhighlyeducated.
ExplainthecauseoftheconflictbetweenFranceandBritaininCanada.
NewFrancewasinconflictwiththeEnglishcoloniestothesouth.Partlythiswasaresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,EnglandandFrance.PartlyitresultedfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeintheNorthwest(present-dayManitobaandbeyond).
Howisaresponsiblegovernmentdefined?
Agovernmentsysteminwhichthegovernmentisresponsibletothepeople,andthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetareresponsibletotheParliament.
WhatweretheeffectsoftheGoldRush?
First,asimmigrantsfromtheUSandothercountries,theunpopulatedprairielandsinWesternCanadawerefurtherexploredandcultivated.
Second,itledtothediscoveryofothermineralsintheCanadianwilds.
ExplainthecausesoftheconflictbetweenFranceandBritaininCanada.
Partly,thiswasaresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,EnglandandFrance;
Partly,itresultedfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeintheNorthwest(present-dayManitobaandbeyond).
Page260
ExplainthereasonswhythedifferentcoloniesinCanadawereunitedintoaconfederationin1867.
AnewcallforreformaroseinProtestantCanadaWestfor"
representationbypopulation,"
ledbytheeditoroftheTorontoGlobe,GeorgeBrown.ThispolicywouldgiveCanadaWest,whichnowoutnumberedtheEast,moreseats.TheFrenchinCanadaEastnaturallyrejectedthisscheme.Frustrated,Brownproposedfederalism:
CanadaEastandWestwouldbecomeseparateprovinces,eitherinalooseunionbetweenthemorinafederationofallofBritishNorthAmerica.InOctober1864,33delegatesfromCanada,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,andNewfoundlandmetatthisQué
becConferenceapprovedtheSeventy-twoResolutions,whichwereadraftconstitutionforConfederation.OnJuly1,1867,theDominionofCanada,withfourprovinces—Qué
bec(formerlyCanadaEast),Ontario(formerlyCanadaWest),NewBrunswick,andNovaScotia—cameintobeing.
WhatistheCanadianforeigntradepattern?
WhoarethemajortradingpartnersofCanada?
Canadianimportsexceeditsexport.Therefore,Canadianservicetradebalance,calledthebalanceofpaymentsisnegative(贸易逆差).
Majorpartners:
theUnitedStates,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,Germany,SouthKorea,theNetherlandsandChina.
DiscussthesignificanceofforeigntradeintheCanadianeconomy.
First,Canadahasjust0.6percentoftheworld'
spopulation,butaccountsfor4percentoftotalexportinworldtrade.
Second,aftertheSecondWorldWar,petroleumandnaturalgasaccountedforalargeproportionofCanada'
sexport.Withtheincreaseoftheshareofautomobilevehiclesinexport,thetechnologyofautomobilemanufacturingisalsogreatlyenhanced.However,primaryproducts,includingagriculturalgoods,miningandenergyproducts,stillhaveabogshareinthetotalexportvolume.
Third,Canadahasoneoftheworld'
shightestratiosofgoodsexportedtoGDP33.6percent.
Inboththegoodssectorandtheservicesector,Canada'
simportsexceeditsexports.
Page270
FederalGovernmentOrganisation
TheCanadiangovernmentisdividedinto:
thefederalgovernment:
sharesmanyoftheprovincialgovernment’sfeatures.
theprovincialgovernment:
alieutenantGovernorrepresentstheKingorQueenineachprovince;
theirdutiesaresimilartothoseoftheGovernorGeneral.
territorialgovernment:
threeterritorieshavetheirowngovernmentsbutwithlesspowerthanthoseoftheprovince.
WhatistheCanadianParliamentcomposedof?
It'
sthelegislativebranchofCanada,madeupofthreebranches,whichmakethelawsofCanada.TheyaretheGovernorGeneral,anelectedHouseofCommons,andanappointedSenate.ThePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetarethemembersofParliament,usuallyoftheHouseofCommons.
WhatarethemajorpoliticalpartiesinCanada?
threemainpoliticalparties:
theLiberalParty,theConservativeParty,andtheNewDemocraticParty
Howisonepartyruledefined?
Canada'
ssystemofpoliticalischaracterisedbyone-party-rule.ItmeansthatonemajorpartyusuallycanwinmanyelectionsanddominateCanadianpoliticsforsolongthatitbecomesthemainrulingparty.
Page282
Howisbilingualismdefined?
BothFrenchandEnglishweretobeofficiallanguagesthroughoutCanada.ThisisnotmeanthateveryCanadianhastobefluentinbothlanguages,butitdoesmeanthatallfederalofficesandcourtsmustbeabletoafferservicesinbothlanguages.
Howisthemulticulturalismdefined?
In1971,thefederalgovernmentgavethenamemulticulturalismtoitspolicy,recognizingthecustomsandcontributionofCanada'
sethnicgroups.Whenannouncingthepolicy,PrimeMinisterPierreTrudeausaid:
"
thegovernmentwillsupportandencouragethevariousculturesandethnicgroupsthatgivestructureandvitalitytooursociety.TheywillbeencouragedtosharetheirculturalexpressionandvalueswithotherCanadiansandsocontributetoaricherlifeforallofus."
Canadaclimate
Becauseofitssize,Canadahasagreatvarietyofclimaticconditions.Generallyspeaking,theclimateinCanadaisunfavorablebecausemuchofthecountryhaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.
Australia
Page292
Someeffects
officialname:
CommonwealthofAustralia
capital:
Canberra
headofstate:
QueenElizabethIIrepresentedbyGovernor-General
formofgovernment:
Constitutionalmonarchy
ports:
Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane
longestriver:
Murray(2,740km)
naturalresources:
coal,zink,nickel,gold,wool
nationalholiday:
AustralianDay,26January(1788)
money:
basicunit–Australiandollar
nationalsymbols:
KangarooandEmu
nationalanthem:
“WaltzingMatilda”
HowisAustraliageographicallydivided?
TheAustraliacontinentcanbedividedintothreephysicallydistinctregions:
theWesternPlateaus,theCentralLowlands,andtheEasternHighlands.
WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofAustralianclimate?
TheinteriorofAustraliahasahotanddryclimatewhilethecoastalareashaveamaritimeclimate.
Whydowesay"
thereisnooneIndigenousculture"
?
AustraliaIndigenouspopulationiscomposedofaboriginalpeoplesandTorresStraitIslanders.WiththeEuropeansettlementinAustralia,asaresult,theywereforcedassimilation.Theyhavetheirgeographiclocationsbecomemorewidespread,buttheirlifestylesandculturalvalueshavegrownincreasinglymodern.ThereisnooneIndigenousculture,insteadamixtureofthemodernandthetraditional.
TheeffectsoftheGoldRush
greatimmigrants
First,immediateandlong-termchangestotheeconomy
Second,politicalandsocialattitudes
Third,damagetoenvironment
TheeffectsofEuropeansettlementontheAborigines
First,Aboriginalcultureandsocietywastotallydisrupted.
Second,largenumbersofAborigineswereshot
Third,manydiseaseswerebrought
reasonsforFederation
First,Thepeopleofthecolonieshadmanythingsincommon.
Second,Itwasabsurdforthemtohavesixdifferentapproachestocommonissues.
Third,Economywerebeingweakenedbecauseoftraderestrictionsandtariffbarriers.
ReasonsfortheBritishcolonizationofAustralia
First,Theestablishmentofapenalcolonytoalleviatepressureontheiroverburdenedprisons.
Second,IndustrialRevolution——populationgrew——poverty——criminal——overburdenedprisons
Third,TosetupanavalbaseforexploitsintheIndianOceanandthePacifictocounterotherEuropeancountriessuchasFrance.
Page306
WhatwerethemajortrendsinAustralia'
sdevelopmentf
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