室内环境监测系统外文文献.docx
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室内环境监测系统外文文献.docx
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Designandimplementationofindoorenvironmentfirealarm
systembasedonWirelessSensorNetwork
Author:
XiuWenFu,WenfengLi,LinYang
Asanewnetworktechnology,wirelesssensornetworks(WSN)arewidelyusedinvariousemergencyeventsbecauseoftheirstronglocalcooperativesensingandtheabilitytointerpretdatafromtheenvironment.Inthispaper,weproposeafirealarmsystemcalledfirealarmingsystemindoorenvironment(fasie),whichinnovativelyintegrateswirelessfirealarmnetworkwithhandfireextinguishingrescuesupportsystem.Unliketraditionalwirelesssensornetworksthatimplementfirenetworks,thefasieisabletofireintofire,includingfirealarms,providingfullrangeofservices,firerescuingandFirefighterpositioning.InordertoexplainFaheybetter,wefirstgiveageneraldescriptionoffasieandintroducethearchitectureofthesystem.Then,thehardwareandsystemperformanceareintroduced.
Keywords:
WirelessSensorNetworks(WSN),indoorenvironment,firealarmsystem,handheldfirerescuesupportsystem
1Introduction
Withthenewmanufacturingandintegrationtechnology,reducethecost,thesizeofthewirelesssensor,wehavewitnessedanotherrevolution,isconducivetothecontrolandobservationofourlifeandthephysicalworld,asthenetworktechnologytodo,microsensorsconnectedtoeachindividualandorganizationdeeplyembeddedintothephysicalenvironmentofinformationexchangenetworkwecanobservewiththeenvironmentandinaloyal,previouslynotreal-timehuman-computerinteraction.Asoneofthemostinfluentialaspectsoffireprotectionapplications,publicsafetyactivitieshavealsoachievedsignificantbenefitsintheemergenceofwirelesssensornetworksandtheirfurtherdevelopmentin[2].Inthispaper,weproposeawirelessfirealarmsystemfirealarmsystemforindoorenvironment(fasie)themaincontributionistheintroductionofthewirelessnetworkandhandheldfirealarmfirerescuefirealarmandrescuesupportsystemtoprovidecomprehensivetechnicalsupport.
Therestofthisarticleisorganizedasfollows.Section51.2describesthestate-of-the-artofexistingfirealarmsystems.Inthe51.3section,fasieisintroducedfromthepointofviewofsystemcompositionandfunction.The51.4sectiondescribesthefasielayeredarchitecture.The51.5sectionintroducesthekeyhardwareoffasie.The51.6partanalyzestheperformanceoffasie.Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkarepresentedinsect.51.7.
2relatedwork
Becausewirelesssensornetworkshavegreatpotentialinthefieldoffireprotection,manyfireprotectionsystemshavebeendevelopedbasedonWSN.Butinmostcases,theonlypurposeofthenetworkistoobtainenvironmentaldata,whicharecollectedanddisplayedinabasestation,storedinadatabase,orsenttoaremotelocation[3,4].Here,severalrepresentativeproposalsdifferfromthetraditionalparadigmasfollows:
(1)CFFDRS[5]isaforestfirethathasbeenextensivelyimplementedintheUnitedStatesandnewZealand.Themaincomponentofthesystemisthefireweatherindex(FWD),andthisindexisthekeymeteorologicalelementthroughthefire,suchastemperature,evaluationofrelativehumidity,windspeedandprecipitation.TheacquisitionofCFFDRSinformationreliesonwirelesssensornodesdeployedinthousandsofforestedareas.TheCFFDRSmonitoringnetworkcollectsvariousinformation(e.g.,temperature,windspeed,andhumidity).Thebasestationofthemonitoringnetworkprovidesenvironmentalinformationdirectlytotheremoteserver.
(2)scier[6]isacomprehensivesystemforthedetection,monitoringandpredictionofnaturaldisasters.Scier'stargetapplicationsareurbanandruralareas.Theuniquecomponentinscieristhelocalalarmcontrolunit,usedtocontrolthewirelesssensornetwork(WSN)andisresponsiblefortheearlydetection,locationandsubsequentfirealarmfunctionofthefire.Scierdevelopswirelesssensornodesintwodifferenturbanandruralareas:
citizens,masters,publicsensors,sensors.Thecitizensoftheowners,sensors,andsensorsofpublicownership,sensors,andinstallationsaredifferent,dependingontheirapplicationscenarios.
(3)Eidos[7]isacomprehensivesystemincludingalarm,firealarmandrescue.Themaincomponentofthesystemisanetworkcomposedofthousandsofsensornodes,deployedinthefieldofunmannedaerialvehicles(UAV).Anotherkeyelementofthesystemisthehandhelddevicethatfirefighterscarry.Thenetworkisresponsibleformonitoringthemonitoringareaandsendingenvironmentalinformationtoremoteservers.Handhelddevicesareintegratedwithlightweightbrowsersthathaveaccesstoremotedatabasesordatacenters.Insummary,althoughthesystemhasexperiencedsignificantimprovementcomparedwiththetraditionalcases,mostofthemonlyfocusontherealizationofsingleprofessionalfirealarmnetworkorfirerescuesupportnetwork,resultingininabilitytoundertakemorecomplextasks.Toacertainextent,theydowastealotofresources.Therefore,thefasieaimstoprovidemorecomprehensiveservicesforfireprotectionactivities,includingfiremonitoring,firefighting,rescueandfirepersonnelpositioning.
3systemintroduction
Thefasiesystemconsistsoftwocomponentapplicationarchitectures:
awirelessfirealarmnetworkandahandheldfirerescuesupportsystem.Wirelessfirealarmnetworksaredeployedbyhundredsofwirelesssensornodesinbuildingsandotherapplicationscenarios.Sincewirelesssensornodeshavespecializedapplicationsinfirescenarios,eachnodeisencapsulatedinfireprotectionpackage.WithWSNforestmonitoring,themainapplicationsoffasiearemainlyfocusedonindoorenvironmentalmonitoring.Therefore,thenodeisequippedwithtwopowermodules(batterymoduleandfixedpowermodule).Whenthefirehappens,thewirelessfirealarmnetworkcandetectthefireatonceandsendoutalarminformationtothebasestation.Infasie,thebasestationisasmallhigh-performanceembeddedsystemwithtwocommunicationinterfaces(suchasWi-Fiand3G),whichcanbedeployedeasily.Whenthebasestationreceivesthealarminformation,thealarminformationisforwardedtothemonitoringplatformthroughtheWi-Fi,andcorrespondingevacuationandcallservicedecisionsaremadeaccordingtothereceivedinformation.AkeyelementofthehandheldfirerescuesupportsysteminFASIEisuniquefeaturesthatcandistinguishthissystemfromotherexistingsupportsystemsforfireprotection.Ahandheldfirerescuesystemconsistsoftwodevices:
afirePDAandawirelesssensornodewithaBluetoothinterface.PortablewirelesssensornodescanshareinformationwithPDAviaBluetoothinterface.
Information(suchasRSSIandLQI)isdynamicallyselforganized.Throughtheindoorenvironmentlocationalgorithm,PDAcanaccesstheaccuratelocationoffirefightersandnotifythesupervisionplatformthroughthe3Gnetwork.Inadditiontoindoorlocationservices,thehandheldfirerescuesystemalsoincludesoutdoorlocationservicesandhealthstatusmonitoring.WiththesupportoftheGPSchipwithinthePDA,thePDAisabletoaccesstheexactlocationandcanprovidegreathelptofireequipmentandcrewscheduling.Becauseoftheintegrationofmultiplesensorsforportablewirelesssensornodes,wirelesssensornodesareabletosensetheambientenvironmentandmonitorthephysicalparametersofthefirefighters.Throughthe3Gnetwork,themonitoringcentercanmonitorthefirefighter'shealthandsurroundingconditions.Whenthefirefightersareindanger,supervisetheplatformandorganizerescueimmediately.Inaddition,sincethehandheldfirealarmingsystemisalightweightbrowserintegration,firefighterscanaccessremotedatabasesthroughWebservices.
4TierArchitecture
Inordertoimprovetheversatility,flexibilityandscalabilityofthesystem,thefasiedesignadoptsahierarchicalarchitecture,followedbytheopensysteminterconnectionreferencemodel(OSI),andthe[8]isdividedintosixlayers.Fromtoptobottom,theyareapplicationlayer,forwardinglayer,assemblylayer,linkmanagementlayer,equipmentlayerandsensinglayer.
1.asthelowestlevelofthesystem,theperceptionlayerisresponsiblefortheenvironmentawarenessandinformationcollection.Ingeneral,thesensinglayercollectsenvironmentalinformationandinformationpassedtothedevicelayerviadatainterfaces(suchasSPIandPC).Dependingonthedevice,thedatarelayedfromthesensorlayerisalsodifferent.Forwirelesssensornodes,sensinglayermainlyfusessmokeandtemperatureinformation.Forhandhelddevices,thesensorlayeralsoincludesphysicalparameterssuchasECGandbloodpressure,inadditiontotheenvironmentalparametersmentionedabove.Theselectionofsensoranddatainterfaceandtheconfigurationofsamplingratearethekeytechnologiesofsensorlayer.
2.thedevicelayeristhebasisofthesystem,andallclientorientedfunctionsmustbeimplementedthroughthislayer.Theresponsibilityforthedevicelayeristoprovidehardwaresupportforwirelesscommunicationsbetweendevices(suchasWi-Fi,ZigBee,andBluetooth).Ingeneral,thedevicelayermainlyincludesgatewaydevices,anditscoretechnologyistorealizethesharingofinformation.Therearemanykindsofdevicesbetweendifferenttypesanddifferentdatainterfaces.
3.linkmanagementlayerplaysanimportantroleinnetworkselforganization,andisconsideredasthemaintechnicalbottleneckthathinderstheprogressofWSNresearch.Theresponsibilitiesofmanaginglinklayerincludeneighbordiscovery,authenticationandlinkestimationandself-organization.Infasie,whenanewdevice,suchasawirelessfi
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