研究生学位英语练习.docx
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研究生学位英语练习.docx
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研究生学位英语练习
ReadingComprehension(45minutes,30points,1pointeach)
Passage1
Thereareover6,000differentcomputerandonlinegamesintheworldnow.Asegmentofthemareconsideredtobebotheducationalandharmlesslyentertaining.Onesuchgameteachesgeography,andanothertrainspilots.Otherstraintheplayerinthelogicalthinkingandproblemsolving.Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate,whichismoreimportantinthistechnology-drivenera.
Butthedarksideofthecomputergameshasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.“Asegmentofgamesfeaturesanti-socialthemesofviolence,sexandcrudelanguage,”saysDavidWalsh,presidentoftheNationalInstituteonMediaandFamily.“Unfortunately,it’sasegmentthatseemsparticularlypopularwithkidsagedeighttofifteen.”
Onestudyshowedthatalmost80percentofthecomputerandonlinegamesyoungpeoplepreferredcontainedviolence.Theinvestigatorssaid“Thesearenotjustgamesanymore.Thesearelearningmachines.We’reteachingkidsinthemostincrediblemannerwhatit’sliketopullthetrigger.Whattheyarenotlearningarethereal-lifeconsequences.”
Theyalsosaid“Thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesareevenworse,becausetheyhavebettergraphicsandallowtheplayertoparticipateinevenmorerealisticviolentacts.”InthegameCarmageddon,forexample,theplayerwillhavedrivenoverandkilledupto33,000peoplebythetimealllevelsarecompleted.Adescriptionoftheoutcomeofthegamesays:
“Yourvictimsnotonlysquishunderyourtiresandsplatterbloodonthewindshield;theyalsogetontheirkneeandbegformercy,orcommitsuicide.Ifyoulike,youcanalsodismemberthem.”
Isallthissimulatedviolenceharmful?
Approximately3,000differentstudieshavebeenconductedonthissubject.Manyhavesuggestedthatthereisaconnectionbetweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressivenessintheplayers.
Somespecialistsdownplaytheinfluenceofthegames,sayingthatotherfactorsmustbetakenintoconsideration,suchasthepossibilitythatkidswhoalreadyhaveviolenttendenciesarechoosingsuchgames.Butcoulditbethatviolentgamesstillplayacontributingrole?
Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthatpeoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.Ifthatweretrue,whywouldthecommercialworldspendbillionsofdollarsannuallyfortelevisionadvertising?
51.WhichofthefollowingcomputergamesisNOTmentionedaseducationalandharmlesslyentertaining?
AThosethathelppeoplelearnmoreaboutcomputers.
BThosethatteachthefeaturesoftheearth.
CThosethatprovidespecialtrainingforwritersonline.
CThosethatprovidespecialtrainingforpilots.
52.Accordingtoonestudy,mostcomputerandonlinegames_________
Aallowtheplayerstotakepartinkillingacts.Bteachtheplayerstobeantisocial.
Cmaketheplayersforgettherealliferesults.Dthatyoungpeoplelikedcontainviolence
53.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dismember”inParagraph4mean?
ATokicksomebodyout.BTocutsomebodyintopieces.
CTodismisssomebodyDTostabaknifeintosomebody
54.Manystudieshavesuggestedthat___________
Amoreandmoreyoungpeopleenjoycruelcomputergames.
Bviolenceincomputergamesmakestheirplayersmoreaggressive.
Ctherearenowfarmoreincidentsofviolenceduetocomputergames.
Dsimulatedviolenceincomputergamesisdifferentfromrealviolence.
55.Theauthoruses“televisionadvertising”asanexampletoshowthat__________
Aotherfactorsmustbeconsideredaspossiblecausesofviolenceinreallife.
Bcomputerandonlinegamesarenottheonlycauseofincreasedviolenceinreallife.
Cthecommercialworldiscontributingtotheincreasedviolenceinreallife
Dthereisacloselinkbetweencomputergamesandincreasedviolenceinreallife.
56.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____________
ATheDarkSideofComputerGames.BComputerGames-----AdvantagesandDisadvantages
CTheDevelopmentofViolentComputerGames.DAStudyontheInfluenceofComputerGames
PassageTwo
ThecollapseoftheEarth’smagneticfield----whichguardstheplanetandguidesmanyofitscreatures----appearstohavestartedseriouslyabout150yearsago,theNewYorkTimesreportedlastweek.
Thefield’sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percentsofarandthishasincreasedthedebateoverwhetheritsignalsareversaloftheplanet’slinesofmagneticforce.
Duringareversal,themainfieldweakens,almostvanishes,andreappearswithoppositepolarity.Thetransitionwouldtakethousandsofyears.Oncecompleted,compassneedlesthathadpointednorthwouldpointsouth.Areversalcouldcauseproblemsforbothmanandanimals.Astronautsandsatelliteswouldhavedifficulties.Birds,fishandanimalsthatrelyonthemagneticfieldfornavigationwouldfindmigrationconfusing.Butexpertssaidtheeffectswouldnotbeabigdisaster;despiteclaimsofdoomandvagueevidenceoflinksbetweenpastfieldreversalsandspeciesextinctions.
Althoughatotaltransitionmaybehundredsorthousandsofyearsaway,therapiddeclineinmagneticstrengthisalreadyaffectingsatellites.Lastmonth,theEuropeanSpaceAgencyapprovedtheworld’slargesteffortattrackingthefield’sshifts.Agroupofnewsatellites,calledSwarm,istomonitorthecollapsingfieldwithfargreaterprecision.“Wewanttogetsomeideaofhowthiswouldevolveinthenearfuture,justlikepeopletryingtopredicttheweather,”saidGauthierHulot,aFrenchgeophysicistworkingonthesatelliteplan.“I’mpersonallyquiteconvincedweshouldbeabletoworkoutthefirstpredictionsbytheendofthemission.”
Nomatterwhatthenewfindings,thepublichasnoreasontopanic.Evenifatransitioniscomingonitsway,itmighttake2,000yearstomature.Thelastonetookplace780,000yearsago,whenearlyhumanswerelearninghowtomakestonetools.DeepinsidetheEarthflowhotcurrentsofmeltediron.Thismechanicalenergycreateselectromagnetism.Theprocessisknownasthegeophysicalgenerator.Inacar’sgenerator,thesameprincipleturnsmechanicalenergyintoelectricity.
Nooneknowspreciselywhythefieldperiodicallyreversals.Butscientistssaytheresponsibilityprobablylieswithchangesinthedisorderlyflowsofmeltediron,whichtheyseeassimilartothegasesthatmakeupthecloudsofJupiter.
57.Accordingtothepassage,theEarth’smagneticfieldhas_________
Abeguntochangeintheoppositedirection.Bbeenweakeninginstrengthforalongtime.
Ccausedthechangesonthepolarities.Dmisguidedmanyamanandanimal
58.DuringthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfield__________
Athecompasswillbecomeuseless.Bmanandanimalswillbeconfusedastodirections.
CthemagneticstrengthoftheEarthwilldisappear.DthemagneticstrengthoftheEarthwillbestronger.
59.Accordingtotheexperts,thereversaloftheEarth’smagneticfieldwould____
AdestroyalmostallthecreaturesontheEarthBcausesomespeciesextinctionsontheEarth.
Cnotbeasdisastrousasthepreviousone.Dcausenobigtroubleformanandanimals.
60.Accordingtothepassage,________________
AweshouldnotworryaboutthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfield.
BtheEarth’smagneticfieldwillnotchangeforatleast2,000years.
CtheEarth’smagneticfieldhasdecreaseditsstrengthrapidly.
DthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfieldcanbecontrolledbymodernscience.
61.Theauthorsays“…thepublichasnoreasontopanic”because___________
Athetransitionisstillthousandsofyearsaway.Bthenewtransitionwillcome780,000yearsfromnow.
Cthetransitioncanbepreciselypredictedbyscientists.
Dtheprocessofthetransitionwilltakeaverylongtimetofinish.
62.ThetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfieldispossiblecausedby_________
AtheflowsofmeltedironinsidetheEarthBtheperiodicalmovementoftheEarth.
CthemechanicalenergyofthesolarsystemDtheforcecomingfromouterspace.
PassageThree
TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasastunningreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeraninstinctiveresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheventhappened.
Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoralsoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.
Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen’tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.
Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.
WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?
“Theuseofterrorismasatacticisbaseduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisdisproportionatewiththeactualthreat,”saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolentbecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”
“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificquali
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