八年级上历史复习提纲九年义务教育课本History review outline for grade eight compulsory education.docx
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八年级上历史复习提纲九年义务教育课本History review outline for grade eight compulsory education.docx
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八年级上历史复习提纲九年义务教育课本Historyreviewoutlineforgradeeightcompulsoryeducation
八年级上历史复习提纲(九年义务教育课本)(Historyreviewoutlineforgradeeight(compulsoryeducationfornineyears))
1.therootcausesoftheBritishOpiumWar:
inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthCentury,inordertoopenuptheChinesemarket,topromoteindustrialgoodsandtoplundercheapindustrialrawmaterials,thedirectcauseofsmugglingopiumtoChinawastoreversethetradedeficit
2.1839years,LinZexuwasEmperorDaoguangsenttoGuangzhoutodestroytheopiumsmokingbeachinHumenfor.6months,thisisagreatvictoryforChinesepeople'sfightagainstsmoking,showsthestrongwilloftheChinesenationagainstforeignaggression,leadingthestruggleofLinZexu,becameanationalhero,thiseventbecametheOpiumWarfuse.
In3.1840-1842,thefirstOpiumWarbrokeout.AftertheOpiumWar,Chinabegantodegeneratefromafeudalsocietyintoasemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety.ItwasthebeginningofmodernChinesehistory.In1842,theBritishInvadersforcedtheQinggovernmentsigneda"TreatyofNanjing"inEnglish,thisisthefirstChinaunequaltreaties.(P5)
ThemaininfluenceoftheOpiumWar:
Chinagraduallychangedfromafeudalsocietyintoasemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety;itwastheturningpointofChinesehistoryandthebeginningofmodernChinesehistory.
4.1856yearsfromOctobertoOctober1860,theBritishandFrenchtroopstotheUnitedStatesasanaccomplice,themurderer,BritishandFrenchforcestofurtheropentheChinesemarket,launchedthesecondOpiumWar.AftertheoccupationofBeijing,OldSummerPalacefire.
5.,inthesecondOpiumWar,RussiaforcedtheQinggovernmenttosignaseriesofunequaltreaties,whichaccountedforaboutonemillionandfivehundredthousandsquarekilometersofNortheastChinaandnorthwestterritories.(P9)
TaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovementin6.1851-1864.In1851,thepeasantrevolutionaryleaderHongXiuquanstartedanuprisinginGuangxi,Guiping,andbuilttheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom.TherebelarmycalledtheTaipingarmy".In1853,theregimewasestablishedagainsttheQingDynasty
7.ZuoZongtangastheimperialenvoy,takethe"firstNorthSouth,"slowquickwar"strategy,Xinjiangrecovered.Inordertostrengthenthemanagementanddefenseofthenorthwestfrontier,ZuoZongtangrecoveredthebasicfactsinXinjiang:
ZuoZongtangin1876toentertheXinjiang,1881ChineserecoverYili,1884theQinggovernmentsetupinXinjiangprovince.
The8.SinoJapaneseWar(1894):
thebattleoftheYellowSea(DengShichangheroicsacrifice)
TheSinoJapanesewarafterthefailureoftheQinggovernment,inApril1895,LiHongzhangandJapanesePrimeMinisterItouHirofumisignedtheSinoJapanese"TreatyofShimonoseki",greatlyenhancethedegreeofsemicolonialChinese.(P17)
InJune9.1900,theUnitedStatesandBritain,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Russia,AustriaEightPowerAlliedforceslaunchedawarofaggressionistosuppressthemovementofChinaexecutioner,peoplehavecommittedagreatsin.
InSeptember10.1901,theQinggovernmentwasforcedtothesameeightsigneda"Treatyof1901"theQinggovernmenthasbecometheruleofimperialismChinesetools.Chinesecompletelyreducedtoasemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety.(P22-23)
HowdidChinagraduallybecomeasemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety?
Answer:
begantobecome:
theOpiumWar--the"TreatyofNanjing",greatlyenhancetheSinoJapaneseWar--the"TreatyofShimonoseki"completelyreducedto:
theEightPowerAlliedforceswar--"Treatyof1901"powers,throughwar,forcedtheQinggovernmenttosigntheunequaltreaty,expandingtheprivileges,theChinareducedtoitshalfthecolonialgovernmentofQingDynasty,theybecameChinaruletool.
Thedifficultstartofmodernizationofunitsecond
11.,themainrepresentativesoftheWesternizationMovement:
Central:
YiXin;local:
ZhengGuofan,LiHongzhang,ZuoZongtang,ZhangZhidong.(Objective:
thedivisionofYinationalityandthelongtechnique),andputforwardthesloganof"strengtheningoneself"and"seekingrich".Nature:
theself-helpmovementofthefeudalrulingclass
Militaryindustry:
in1865,LiHongzhangestablishedtheJiangnanmanufacturingBureauinShanghai;in1866,ZuoZongtangFuzhoudockyardwasestablishedinFuzhou.Civilindustry:
1.In1872,LiHongzhangsetupthesteamshipmerchantsBureauinShanghai;in1880,LiHongzhangestablishedthegeneraltelegramofficeinTianjin;on1893,TangXurailwaywasopenedtotraffic.
In1876,thefirstChinaappearedofficiallyputintooperationoftherailwayisShanghairailway.
12.,evaluationoftheWesternizationMovement(thirtiethpages,focusingon)
(1)ZhangJianisthe1894imperialexaminationchampion,holdinghisindustrialsalvationambition,homefoundedDashengcottonmill,thefactorygraduallydevelopedintoalargescalecottontextileenterprises.
(2)ZhanTianyouisanoutstandingrailwayengineerinourcountry.In1904,hepresidedovertheconstructionoftheBeijingZhangjiakouRailway,whichwasopenedtotrafficin1909.ItwasthefirstrailwaylinedesignedandbuiltbytheChinesethemselves.
13."busletter"(1895,leaders:
KangYouwei,LiangQichao),openedthepreludetothereformmovement.(the"fuse"thesigningoftheTreatyofShimonoseki)
14.1898yearsfromJunetoSeptember,EmperorGuangxuissuedaseriesofchangesinlaw,content(P37):
(1898):
Representatives:
KangYouwei,LiangQichao,TanSitong.Themaincontents:
EconomicDevelopment:
agriculturalbusiness;militarytrainingnewarmyandNavy;Politics:
thefounderofthepress,openingremarks;removeunnecessaryanduselessgovernmentofficial;cultureandeducation:
thestart-upofnewschoolpersonneltraining,theabolitionofimperialexaminationsystemstereotypedwriting.In1905,theQinggovernmentabolishedtheimperialexaminationsystem,whichlastedformorethan1300years.Calledthe"HundredDaysReform"or"1898"
Sincemoderntimes,theinvasionofpowers,nationalcrisis,somepatrioticthinkersrecognizethattochangethestatusquo,wemustlearnthestrengthsofthewest,representativesofWeiandYanFu.Amongthem,"HaiguoWeiyuanbooks"onebook,introducesthehistoryandgeographyofSoutheastAsia,EuropeandtheUnitedStates,andthattheaimofwritingis"learningtechnologytothebarbarians".YanFuistheEnlightenmentthinkersduringthereformmovementof1898,hetranslatedthe"theoryofevolution",expoundsthe"survivalofthefittestinnaturalselection,survivalofthefittest","theworldwillenter,isnow"theviewofprogress.
Themainrevolutionaryactivitiesof15.SunZhongshan:
in1894,SunZhongshanestablishedinHonoluluxingzhonghui,markingtheinitialformationofChinabourgeoisrevolutionary.TheestablishmentofChineseAlliance:
foundedin1905bySunZhongshaninJapanandTokyo;slogan:
"expeltheinvaders,therestorationofChina,foundedtheRepublicofChina,theaveragelandownership".Inthedevelopmentof"nation","humanrights"and"people'slivelihood"threeprinciple;threeprinciplesofthepeopleistheguidingideologyofSunZhongshanledtherevolutionof1911Revolution;Objective:
tooverthrowtheQingDynasty,theestablishmentofthebourgeoisrepublic;ChineseChineseallianceisthefirstnationalscaleofbourgeoisrevolutionaryparty.
InOctober10th16.1911,therevolutionarypartylaunchedanuprisinginHubei,Wuchang,knownasthe"Wuchanguprising"".
Significance:
(P43)but..,
Thefruitsofthe1911RevolutionwerestolenbyYuanShikai,anorthernwarlord,andfailedtoaccomplishthetaskofantiimperialismandfeudalism.Limitations:
itdidnotchangethenatureofChina'ssemicolonialandsemifeudalsociety.
17.1915years,theNewCultureMovement:
themaincharacters:
ChenDuxiu(thefounderofthe"NewYouth"magazine,advocating"LiteraryRevolution"),LiDazhao(Marxist),LuXun,HuShi("literaturediscussionimprovement",advocatetheuseofthevernacularinsteadofclassicalChinese);theslogan:
"downwithConfucianism"thebanner"democracy"and"science"fouradvocates,fouragainst.Mainperiodicals:
newyouth;mainpositions:
NewYouthmagazineandPekingUniversity.
In1917,thevictoryoftheRussianOctoberrevolution,theChinaadvancedintellectualssaw"thedawnofthenewcentury",1918,LiDazhaointhe"NewYouth"magazine,publishedacontinuous"plebeianvictory"and"Bolshevism"triumphoftwopapers,celebratetheOctoberrevolution.
TheestablishmentofBeijingNormalUniversitySchoolReformMovementin19.,isthehighestinstitutionoffirstnationalChineseestablishment,theonlyoutcomeistheHundredDaysReformleft,1912tothePekingUniversity,becamethebirthplaceofthenewculturemovementandthecenteroftheMay4thMovement;in1905theQinggovernmentannouncedtheabolitionoftheimperialexaminationsystem,theabolitionoftheimperialexaminationsystemisamajoreventinChinesethehistoryofeducation.(P51)
"Declaration":
itwasfirstpublishedinShanghaiin1872.Itwasthefirstcommercialnewspaperinmodernchina.Thecommercialpressin1897,foundedinShanghai,itmainlytopublishnewtextbooks,referencebooksandthetranslationandintroductionofwesternacademicworks,isChinesemodernhistoryisthelongest,oneofthelargestculturalpublishingagency.
Photography:
borninthelate1830sinwesterncountries,itwasintroducedintoChinain40s.
Film:
1896,ShanghaiXugarden"village"show"theWesternmovie",thisisthefirsttimeChinafilmscreenings,1905,Chinesehimselftookthefirstfilm"Dingjunshan",whichopenedapreludetoChinafilmcareer.
Haircutbraid:
on1912,SunZhongshanissuedarequesttocutbraid,braids,ac
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