翻译.docx
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翻译.docx
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翻译
ContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChineseandWhatshouldbenotedinthetranslation
EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies:
English,theIndo-EuropeanfamilyandChinese,theSin-Tibetanfamily.Thetwolanguagesalsohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds:
WesternandChinese.Translationisaninterlingualandinterculturaltransferandmulti-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofthetwolanguagesandculturesarethereforeessential.AsitisdifficulttolistalldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese,wewouldliketofocusontenaspectswhichcountinEnglish-Chinesetranslation(连淑能1993).
Englishvs.Chinese:
TenPairsofFeatures
1.Syntheticvs.Analytic(综合语和分析语)
Basisofthedefinitionaboutlanguages,Englishisasynthetic-analyticlanguage;Chineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage.
Infection(变化词形)wordorderandtheuseoffunctionwords(运用虚词)areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences。
1)Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectional
InEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected.InChinese,thegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,throughoftenwiththehelpofwordorderandfunction(orother)words.
Eg.Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们在一起工作有三十年了。
2)WordOrder:
Flexiblevs.Inflexible
Theinfectionofalanguagehasmuchtodowiththepositionofwordsinthesentence.Thelessinflectivealanguage,themorerigidthewordorders.HencewordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.Morewaysofinversion,grammaticalorrhetoricalareoftenseeninEnglish.
Eg.Whatintheworlddoyoumean?
(C.Dickens)你的意思究竟是什么呀?
Interrogativeinversion(疑问倒装)
NotafingerdidIlayonhim.(R.Quirk)我从没有指责过他。
Negativeinversion(否定倒装)
3)TheUseofFunctionWords:
EnglishandChineseMakeuseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords
Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticles,preposition,auxiliaryverbs,coordinatorsandsubordinators,whileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles,connectives,andprepositions.Eachhasitsownfeaturesintheuseofthesewords.
Chineseisrichinparticles,whichcanbeclassifiedintoaspectparticles,structuralparticles,andemotionalparticles.
Englishhasalargenumberofprepositionsandprepositionalphraseswhichareofteninuse,whileChinesehasafewprepositionswhicharemostly“borrowed”fromtheircorrespondingverbs.AconversionofEnglishprepositionsintoChineseverbisoftennecessary.
Englishfrequentlyusesitsvariousconnectives,coordinatingorsubordinating,includingconjunctiveandrelativepronounsoradverbs.Chinesehasnosuchkindofconjunctivesandrelatives,andotherconnectivesarenotoftenused,exceptinformalwritings.
E.g.Shewaswithachild.(她带着一个孩子)
Shewaswithchild.(她怀着孕)
这回我可亲眼看见啦!
(感叹语气)
ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.
4)Intonationvs.Tone
2.Rigidvs.Supple(刚性与柔性)
Englishsentencescanbesummarizedasthesefivepatternsortheirvariants(变式),expansion(扩展),combination(组合),omission(省略),orinversion(倒装).
Chinese,however,isrelativelyfreefromthegovernmentofS-Vconcordandformalmarkers.Thesubject-predicatestructureisusuallyvaried,flexible,andthereforecomplicatedandsupple.
Englishsubject-predicatestructureappearsrigidasofcertaingrammaticalbonds,includingthepatternizationandtheprinciplesofgrammaticalandnotionalconcord.
Chinese,however,isrelativelyfreefromthegovernmentofS-Vconcordandformalmarkers.Thesubject-predicatestructureisusuallyvaried,flexible,andthereforecomplicatedandsupple.Therearequiteafew“illogical”expressionsinChinese.MoreambiguitycanbefoundinChineseduetothelackofconnectivesinflectionsandothergrammaticalmarkers.
E.g.文章翻译完了。
(受事主语)Thearticlehasbeentranslated.
天高云淡。
(形容词作谓语)Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.
注:
ThesupplenessoftheChineselanguagesalsomanifestsitselfinthe“run-onsentences(流水句),whichiscomposedofthe“fullsentence”andthe“minorsentence”(小句).Afullsentencehasasubjectpredicatestructure,whileaminorsentencehasonlyaword(s)oraphrase(s).
3.HypotacticV.SParatactic(形合与意合)
Englishsentencebuildingisfeaturedbyhypostaxis.Chinesesentencebuildingisfeaturedbyparataxis.
Toclarifytherelationsbetweenwords,phrasesorclauses,Englishmoreoftenresortstoovercohesion(显性接应).Bycontrast,Chinesemorefrequentlyreliesoncovertandcontext,focusingontemporalorlogicalsequences.Insteadofusingvariouscohesivetiessuchasrelatives,connectivesandprepositionsasinEnglish,Chinesemoreoftenresortstowordorder,contractedsentences,four-characterexpressions(四字格)andsomegrammaticalorrhetoricaldevicessuchasrepetition,antithesis,andparallelism.Omission(省略法)andCondensation(缩译法).
E.g.说是说了,没有结果。
(=我虽然说了,但是没有结果。
)(语序)
I’vemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.
不进则退。
(四字格)
Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.
1.4.ComplexVS.Simplex(反复与简短)
Englishsentence-buildingischaracterizedbyan“architecturestyle”withextensiveuseoflongerorsubordinatestructures,whileChinese,a“chroniclestyle”withfrequentuseofshorterorcompositestructures.Inaword,EnglishsentencesareoftencomplexwhileChinesesentencesareoftensimplex.
Asaresultoftheabovedifference,thedivisionofEnglishcomplexsentencesintoChinesesimplexsentencesisoftenemployedintranslation.Division(拆译法)andtranslationoflongsentence(长句译法).
CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?
我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?
(cf.你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?
)
5.ImpersonalVS.Personal(物称与人称)
FormalwrittenEnglishoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencesbeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnounsassubjects.Chinese,bycontrast,preferstouseapersonalstyle,whichisfeaturedbymuchmoreactivesoractivesinformbutpassivesinsense,personalsubjects,orsubjectlessandsubject-omittedsentenceswhenthesubjectisself-evident,unknownorimpliedinthecontext.
Asaresultoftheabovedifference,theconversionofEnglishimpersonalsubjectsintoChinesepersonalsubjectsandEnglishpassiveintoChineseactivesisoftenemployedintranslation.
E.g.FromthemomentwesteppedintothePeople’sRepublicofChina,careandkindnessusoneveryside.(H.andN.Johnson:
ToChinaatNinety)
一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地的受到关怀与照顾。
6.PassiveVS.Active(被动与主动)
PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglishmainlyduetothefollowingreasons:
1)Whentheagentofanactionisself-evidentorunknown,oritisunnecessaryorimpossibletomentiontheagent,e.g.themurdererwascaughtyesterday,anditissaidthathewillbehanged.
2)Syntacticfactors:
forcohesion,balance,endfocus,endweight,etc.e.g.Iwasastoundedthathewaspreparedtogivemeajob
3)Rhetoricalfactors:
forvariation,etc.e.g.therearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject-verb-object.
4)Stylisticfactors:
morepassivesininformativewriting,notablyintheobjective,nonpersonstyleofscientificarticles,newsitems,andgovernmentcommunications.E.g.theresistancecanbedeterminedprovidedthatthevoltageandcurrentareknown.
Bycontrast,activeforms,includingthoseinpassivesense,areoftenusedinChinese.TherearesomereasonsforthelimiteduseoftheChinesepassiveformsmarkedby被,or让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙,etc.:
1)TheChinesepassivefrommarkedby被istraditionallyfelttobean“inflectivevoice”,mainlyexpressingthingsunpleasantorundesirabletothesubjectiveperson,as被捕、被杀、被剥削、被压迫,throughthereisamoderntendencytodenotethingsdesirableorneutral,as“被选为工会主席、被评为先进工作者”.
2)TheChinesepassiveformshouldgenerallyhaveanagentafter“被”,whichrestrictstheuseofthepassiveformwhentheagentisunknownordifficulttomention.
Instead,Chinesegenerallypreferstouseactiveforms;besides,therearemanyotherwaystodenotepassivesensewhichisusuallyexpressedintheEnglishpassiveform.Forexample:
1)Notionalpassives:
activeinformbutpassiveinsense.
爸爸,你想死我们了!
(琼瑶:
《哑妻》)
Daddy,wemissyouverymuch!
2)Subjectlessorsubject-omittedsentencewhenthesubjectisself-evident,unknownorimpliedinthecontext.
E.g.为什么总把这些麻烦推给我
3)Usinggenericpersonsassubjects:
“人、有人、人们、大家、人家、别人、某人”,etc.
众所周知,中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针。
ItiswellknownthatthecompasswasinventedinChinamorethantwothousandyearsago.
4)Using“executiveform”(处置式)把(将/使)字式:
1964年10月,中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,这把基辛格吓了一跳。
KissingerwasalarmedbyChina’sfirstatomicblastinOctobe,1964.
7.E.g.人们普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…
7.StaticVS.Dynamic(静态与动态)
Englishisfeaturedbyitspredominanceofnounsoververbs.Englishmakesmoreuseofnouns,adjectives,andprepositions,andisthereforemorestatic.Conversely,Chineseoftenemploysverbs,adverbs;verbalphrases,repetitionandreduplicationofverbs,andisthereforemoredynamic.
Asaresultoftheabovedifference,theconversionoftheEnglishnominalstyleintotheChineseverbalstyle.
过去我常常有点胡思乱想。
Hehassomeonebehindhim.
有人给他撑腰。
8.Abstractvs.Concrete(抽象与具体)
InEnglish,nominalizationoftenresultsinabstraction.Anexcessiverelianceonthenounattheexpenseoftheverbwill,intheend,detachthemindofthewriterfromtherealitiesofhereandnow,fromwhenandhowandinwhatmoodthethingwasdone,andinsensiblyinduceahabitofabstraction,generalizationandvagueness.Thismethodofabstractdictionisfoundinthefrequentuseofabstractnouns.Bycontrast,Chinesepreferstouseconcreteorspecificwordsandemploysa“down-to-earthst
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