语言学术语翻译及术语解释.docx
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语言学术语翻译及术语解释.docx
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语言学术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总
术语翻译
1.Designfeaturesoflanguage(语言的甄别特征)
Arbitrariness(任意性),Duality(二层性/二重性),Creativity(创造性/原创性),
Displacement(移位性),Culturaltransmission(文化传播),Interchangeability
Neurolinguistics神经语言学
4.Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写式和规定式
Synchronicvs.diachronic共时和历时Languevs.parole语言和言语Competencevs.performance语言能力和语言行为
5.Vocaltract声道(resonatingcavities共鸣腔),pharynx咽腔,oralcavity口腔andnasalcavity鼻腔.
其它的一些发音器官:
lungs肺,windpipe(trachea)气管,vocalfolds声带,larynx喉,epiglottis会厌,次声门,pharynx咽,uvula小舌,hardpalate硬腭,softpalate软腭,alveolarridge齿龈
6.Consonantsandvowels(辅音和元音)
A.Mannersofarticulation发音方式B.Placesofarticulation发音位置
7.Stop(orplosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音
Lateral(approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音,trill颤音andtap闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postalveolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音
Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音,pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音
monophthongvowel:
单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音
Laxvowels短元音Tensedvowels长元音
8.
Coarticulationandphonetictranscription
发音.
broadtranscription宽式标音narrowtranscription严式标音
9.minimalpairs最小对立体Phoneme音位
phones音子allophones音位变体complementarydistribution互补分布phoneticsimilarity发音近似性Freevariation自由变体assimilation同化regressiveassimilation逆同化
progressiveassimilation顺同化phonologicalrule音系规则Epenthesis增音binary二分的
Distinctivefeatures区别特征
EndocentricandExocentricConstructions向心结构和离心结构
subordinateandcoordinate从属和并列
Thereferentialtheory:
指称理论Semantictriangle语义三角
Senseandreference:
涵义和指称
Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系
Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy同音/形异意关系
Dialectalsynonyms地域同义词Stylisticsynonyms风格同义词
Collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词
gradableantonymy等级反义关系coverterm覆盖项
Markedvs.unmarkedterms标记项和非标记项
complementaryantonymy互补反义关系converseantonymy逆向反义关
系
homophones:
同音异义词homographs:
同形异义词
completehomonymssemanticcomponents语义部分
术语解释
1.Designfeature的定义:
thedefining(最典型的,起决定作用的)properties
ofhumanIanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
2.Synchronic共时:
ItreferstothedescriptionofaIanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
3.Diachronic历时:
ItstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryofIanguage.Inotherwords,itreferstothedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
4.prescriptive规定式:
Akindoflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor
correctandstandard”behaviorinusingIanguage.
5.descriptive描写式:
AkindoflinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzetheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
6.Arbitrariness(任意性):
Bysayingthatfanguageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.
7.Duality(二层性/二重性):
itmeansthatIanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures,atthelowerlevelthereisthestructureofsounds;atthehigherlevelthereisthestructureofmeaning.
8.Displacement(移位性):
itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtocommunicateaboutthingsthatarenotpresentinourimmediatecommunicationalcontext.
9.competence语言能力:
itreferstoanidealspeaker'sknowledgeoftheunderlyingsystemofrulesinalanguage.
10.Performance语言行为:
itreferstotheactualuseofthelanguagebyaspeakerinarealcommunicationalcontext.
11.Langue语言:
itreferstothespeaker'sunderstandingandknowledgeofthelanguagethathespeaks.
12.Parole言语:
itistheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.
13.Culturaltransmission(文化传播):
Itreferstothefactthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanew(重新,再)byeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.
14.Phaticcommunion(寒暄交谈):
itreferstoritualexchanges,exchangesthathavelittlemeaningbuthelptomaintainourrelationshipswithotherpeople.
15.Phonetics(语音学):
itisthestudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.
16.Vowels元音:
thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheair-streampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstruction.
17.Consonants辅音:
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheair-streamatsomepointofthevocaltract.
18.Phonology:
itisthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguagesanditisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages.Anditstudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.
19.Phoneme音位:
thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.
20.Allophone音位变体:
itreferstothedifferentformsofaphoneme.
21.Assimilation:
itisaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.
22.Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.
23.complementarydistribution互补分布:
whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.
24.Freevariation自由变体:
iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatis,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwosoundsareinfreevariation.
25.Distinctivefeatures区别特征:
Aphoneticfeaturewhichdistinguishesonephonologicalunit,especiallyonephoneme,fromanother.
26.minimalpairs最小对立体whichcanbedefinedaspairsofwordswhich
differfromeachotherbyonlyonesound.
27.vowelglides滑音:
Thevowelsinvolvingmovementfromonesoundto
anotherarecalledvowelglides.
28.Epenthesis增音:
itmeansaprocessofinsertingasoundafteranothersound.
29.Substitutionrelation:
itreferstotherelationspecificallybetweenanindividualunitandothersthatcanreplaceitinagivensequence.
30.Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentre,orhead,ofthewhole.
31.Exocentricconstruction:
agroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthemisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecenterorheadinsidethegroup
32.Reference:
itistherelationshipbetweenwordsandtheobjects,actionsorpropertiesthatthewordsstandfor.Itdealswiththeextra-linguisticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandexpressionsandtheworldtheydescribe.(具体的物质性的东西)
33.Synonymy:
Itreferstothesamenesssenserelationsbetweenwords.
34.Componentialanalysis:
Componentialanalysisdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents语义部分.
35.Sense:
itreferstothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenlinguisticelementsthemselves,itisconcernedonlywithintra-linguisticrelations.(概念性的东西)
36.Semantics:
semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,words
andsentencesinparticular.
37.Homonymy:
thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
38.Antonymy:
Itreferstotheoppositenesssenserelationsbetweenwords.
39.Hyponymy上下义关系:
Hyponymyindicatessenseinclusiveness.Theupperterminthissenserelationiscalledsuperordinate上义词,andthelowerterms,hyponyms下义词,membersofthesameclassarecalledco-hyponyms.
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