Australia IWord下载.docx
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Australia IWord下载.docx
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BecauseAustraliahasbeenseparatedfromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,itsflora(plants)andfauna(animals)areunique.
ManyofAustralia’suniqueanimalsaremarsupials(animalsthatkeeptheirbabiesinapouch).KangaroosandKoalas,forexample,aremarsupials.
Aplatypusisasmallanimalwithwebbedfeetandafacelikeaduck’s.Theyliveinrivers,andareveryshy.Theycanstayunderwaterforalongtime,soarehardtofind.
KangaroosareverycommoninAustralia.Theyusuallyliveingrassland.Therearemanydifferenttypes–somearequitesmall,andsomeareover2metrestall.
Koalasareverylazy,andspendmostoftheirlifeinatree,eatingleavesandsleeping.Theysleepforanaverageof20hoursperday.
Wombatsareburrowingmarsupialsthatliveingrassland,inlargecommunitiesofwombats.
Crocodilesarelarge,dangerousreptilesthatliveinriversinthetropicalregionsofAustralia.
TasmanianDevilsaremarsupialsthatareuniquetoTasmania.Theylookdangerous,andlovefightingwitheachother,butarenotdangeroustoothercreaturesbecausetheyonlyeatdeadanimals.
Australia’smostpopulartouristattractionistheGreatBarrierReef,a1,000kilometrelongareaofcoastlineinQueensland,famousforitsunderwaterscenery.Australia’smostfamousbuildingistheSydneyOperaHouse.
AboriginalAustralians
Theoriginal,nativepeopleofAustraliaarecalledaborigines,oraboriginalAustralians.TheyhavelivedinAustraliaforatleast40,000years.
Aboriginal(adj.)andindigenous(adj.)bothmean‘native’.
TheAboriginalpeoplehaveasystemofknowledgeandbeliefscalledTheDreaming.Thisincludestheirspiritualbeliefs,everythingtheyknowabouttheworld,andtheirlawsandtraditions.
AboriginalAustraliansbelievethattheyhavespecialresponsibilitiestotheenvironment.BeforeBritishpeoplecametoAustralia,AboriginalAustralianshadlivedtherefor40,000yearswithoutharmingtheenvironment.
Aboriginalpeoplelivedinclans.Aclanisacommunityofmanyfamilies.Aboriginalpeoplewerenomadic.Theydidnotbuildhouses,becausetheydidnotstayinoneplace.Theymovedfromoneareatoanother.Differentclansdidnotspeakthesamelanguage.Therewereatleast500differentlanguagesatthetimeofwhitesettlement.
BritishSettlementofAustralia
WhitepeoplefromBritainfirstcametoAustraliain1788.AtthattimetheythoughtofaboriginalAustraliansassimilartoanimals.BritishexplorersdeclaredthatAustraliawas“TerraNullius”,whichinLatinmeans“LandofNothing”or“EmptyLand”.Theydidnotthinkoftheaboriginalpeopleastheownersoftheland,andAustraliabecameacolonyoftheBritishEmpire.
Therewereabout1millionAboriginalAustraliansatthetimeofBritishsettlement.Inthefirstfewdecadesofwhitesettlement,about20,000aborigineswerekilledbywhitepeople(about10timesthenumberofwhitepeoplekilled).
Tasmanianaboriginesweresystematicallyhuntedandkilled,andtherearenopure-bloodedTasmanianaboriginesalivetoday.
MoreaboriginalAustralianswerekilledbydiseasethanbyfighting.Peoplehavenaturaldefencesagainstbacteriathatarecommonintheirowncountry.Butwhensomeoneisexposedtoanentirelynewdisease,theirbodywillhavenoresistancetoit.Whitepeoplebroughtalotofnewdiseaseswiththem,whichkilledalotoftheaboriginalpopulation.
AustraliaasaPenalColony(prison)
WhenAustraliawasfirstsettleditwasusedasaprison.AtthattimetherewasanIndustrialRevolutioninEngland.PeopleinEnglandweremovingfromfarmingcommunitiestobigcitiestoworkinfactories.Conditionsinthecitieswereverybad,andtherewasalotofcrime.BecausetherewasnotenoughspaceinEnglishprisonsforallthecriminals,theydecidedtostartsendingtheirprisonerstoAustralia.
Forthefirst50yearsofBritishsettlementofAustralia,mostoftheworkinAustraliawasdonebyprisoners.MostofAustralia’soldestbuildingswerebuiltbyprisoners.
PeopleinEnglandthoughttherewouldbealotofcrimeinAustraliabecausethereweresomanycriminals.Buttheoppositewastrue.TherewasverylittlecrimeinAustralia,whileinEnglandtherewasalot.Badconditionsinsocietycausecrime.
PrisonerssenttoAustraliahadtoworkveryhard,butaftertheyhadfinishedtheirprisonsentences,theybecamefreepeople.Mostofthemwentontoownshops,businessesorfactories,andbecamemuchricherandhappierthantheyhadbeeninEngland.
Manyfreeprisonerswentontobecomelawyers,doctors,ormembersoftheAustraliangovernment.50yearsaftersettlement,onethirdoftherichestpeopleinAustraliawereformerprisoners.
RacistPoliciesinAustralia
Bythemid-1800sthegovernmenthadstartedapolicyofsegregation(keepingblackpeopleandwhitepeopleseparate).Aborigineswerekepton“reserves”(likefarms)outsideofcivilization.Theaboriginalpeoplehadlivedonthelandfor40,000years,butnowhadnofreedomorrights,andwereputunderthesupervisionofChristianmissionaries.Amissionaryisapersonwhotravelstospreadtheirreligion.
Intheearly1900sthegovernment’spolicychangedtoassimilation(tryingtomakeaminorityculturepartofthedominantculture).TheywantedtoreplacetheaboriginestraditionalcultureandspiritualbeliefswithBritishcultureandChristianity.
Aboriginalchildrenweretakenawayfromtheirfamiliesandgiventowhitefamiliestobeservants.
Thoughtheywereexpectedtobecomepartofwhitesociety,aboriginalAustralianswerenottreatedthesameaswhitepeople.TheywerenotconsideredtobeAustraliancitizens,werenotprotectedbythelaw,werenotallowedtovote,andwerepaidonlyasmallamountofmoneyforworking.Theydidnothaveaccesstohealthcareoreducation,andwereexcludedfrommostjobs.
Becausetheaboriginalpeopleweregivenalmostnomoney,andnoeducation,whitepeoplethoughtofthemaslazyandstupid.Sotheaboriginalpeoplelosttheirownculture,andbecamelower-classmembersofwhitesociety.
Duringthe1800simmigrantsfrommanycountriescametoworkinAustralia.Becausemanyofthesepeoplehadnotlivedinamulticulturalsocietybefore,therewasalotofracialconflict.
In1901Australiabecameaself-governingnation.TheAustraliangovernmentdecidedthatAustraliawasforwhitepeople.MostimmigrantsinAustraliawereforcedtoreturntotheirowncountries.
Bythemid-1900smanyoftheremainingimmigrantswereleavingAustraliabecauseofracism.
In1973thegovernmentrealizedthatimmigrantscontributedtoAustralia’seconomicprosperityandchangeditspolicytoMulticulturalism.
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