专四阅读张彦敏.docx
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专四阅读张彦敏.docx
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专四阅读张彦敏
READINGCOMPREHENSION
InthetownofPeppard,acomputerhelpsfiremen.Thecomputercontainsinformationabouteveryoneofthe15000streetaddressesinthetown.Whenfiremenansweracall,thecomputerfilesthemimportantinformationabouttheburningbuilding.Thecomputercangivethelocationofthebuildinganditssize,type,andcontents.Infact,thecomputesystemhasmanydifferentwaysofhelpingfirefighterswiththeirproblems.Forexample,itcangivemedicalinformationaboutsickpeoplelivinginaburningbuilding.Withthisinformation,thefiremencantakespecialcaretofindthesesickpersonsandremovethemquicklyandsafelyfromtheburningbuilding.
Thespeedatwhichthecomputerworksisamazing.Withintwoorthreesecondsafteracallisreceived,thecomputerprovidesnecessaryinformationforthefireman.TheinformationisthensenttotthembyradiofromthecomputercenterinTownHall.
Thecomputersystemalsocontainsamedicalrecordofeachofthetown's110firemen.Thiskindofinformationisespeciallyusefulwhenafirefighterisinjured.Withthismedicalinformation,doctorsatthehospitalcantreattheinjuredfiremanmorequicklyandeasily.
Thefirementhemselvesaregratefulforthecomputer'shelp.Thecomputertellsthemaboutpossibledangersaheadofthemandhelpsthemprepareforthesedangers.Manytimesthecomputerinformationhelpstosavelivesandproperty.Sometimesthelivesarethoseoffirementhemselves.
1.ThecomputerhelpsfiremaninthefollowingwaysEXCEPT_B____
A.locatingthebuildingonfire
B.givinginformationonaddress
C.locatingfireman'sproblems
D.providingmedicalcare
2.Thespeedofthecomputerisamazingbecause___C__
A.itcanprovideinformationveryquickly.
B.itcanprovidenecessaryinformation.
C.theinformationissenttofiremenbyradio.
D.thecomputercenterissituatedinTownHall.
3.Whydoesthecomputercontainmedicalrecordsoffiremen?
A
A.Theypredictpossibledangersfrofiremen.
B.theyhelpdoctorsintreatinginjuredfiremen.
C.Theycansavepropertyandpeople'slives.
D.Theyprovideimportantinformationaboutinjuries.
4.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_B____
A.firemenandfirefighting.
B.necessarymedicalinformation
C.theusefulnessofthecomputer
D.thequickspeedofthecomputer
Largecompaniesneed waytoreachthesavingsofthepublic.Thesameproblem,onasmallerscale,facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectofraisingthemoneyneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovideshort-termloans,theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanentbasisforlongtermprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic,invitingpeopletolendthemmoney,ortakeashareinthebusinessinexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.Theydothisbyissuingstocksandsharesthroughthestockexchange.Bydoingso,theycanputintousethesavingsofindividualsandinstitutions.
Whenthesaverswanttohavehismoneyback,hedoesnothavetogettothecompanywhichhasborrowedhismoney.Instead,hesellshissharesthroughastockbrokertosomeothersaverwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoney.
Manyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustry,andbyeachofusareprovidedbytheGovernment.Withouthospital,roads,electricity,telephone,railways,etc.,thecountrycouldnotfunction.Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentiftheyaretoserverusproperly,requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone.theGovernmentandindustriesthereforfrequentlyneedtoborrowmoneytofinancemajorcapitalspending,andthey,too,gotothestockexchange.
Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthecountrywhosejoborwhosestandardoflivingdosnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployertoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranother,newmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthecountry.Thestockexchangeexiststoprovideachannelthroughwhichthesesavingscanreachthosewhoneedmoney.
5.Companiesmust____Cformoneyforlong-termdevelopment.
A.gotobanks
B.askotherorganizations
C.turntothepublic
D.gotoacquaintances
6.Thestockexchangemanages__D___
A.companybusiness
B.companyshares
C.companyprojects
D.companyprofits
7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect?
B
A.Theauthoritiesprovidemanynecessaryservices.
B.Hospital,railwaysetc.areessentialtoacountry.
C.TheGovernmentneedtoborrowfromthestockexchange.
D.Taxescanraiseallthemoneyneededforimprovement.
8.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_A____
A.functionsofthestockexchange.
B.companyfinancialneeds.
C.rolesofthestockbroker.
D.essentialpublicservices.
Itis generallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5000yearsagointhefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria,EgyptandtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicswhichdistinguishedthematrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargerandmoredenselypopulatedthanany previoussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatofthesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswerereplacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationoflabor.Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingandarithmetic,andtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetustoartisticexpressionofeverykind.
WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwasdrawnfromtheancientcitiesoftheMiddleEast,viathecivilizationsofGreeceandRome,wecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.Thefirstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe11thcenturyA.Dtoabout1500.ThesecondistherenaissanceandBaroquephase,whichcanbetracedfromabout1500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdisthemodernphase,extendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.
Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlementwhichgrewuproundageographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldoftenbeapermanentstructuresuchasastronghold,acathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewerewellestablished,itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoormoretraderoutesmet.Instudiesofurbangeographyotheroldestpartofatownisreferredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEuropewhereitisstillpossibletotracetheoutlineoftheoriginalnuclearsettlement.Itis,ofcourse,muchmoredifficulttodothisinthecaseifalargemoderncitywhichhasgrowntomaytimesitsoriginalsize.
9.TheancientcitieswerecharacterizedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT_C____
A.largerpopulations
B.differentlocations
C.differentroles
D.differentsocialclasses
10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?
D
A.WestEuropeancitiesestablishedtheirownurbantradition.
B.WestEuropeancitiesgrewdirectlyoutofthoseintheMiddleEast.
C.CitiesappearedearlierintheMiddleEastthaninGreeceandRome.
D.WestEuropeanandMiddleEastcitieswentthroughthesamephases.
11.Whichofthefollowingcouldberegardedasageographicalfocalpoint?
A
A.Atownhall.
B.Avegetablegarden.
C.Alocalcafeteria.
D.Anopenmarket.
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheU.S.Costsaregoinguprapidlybothforthetaxpayersandthelitigantsandthelitigants,orpartiesinalawsuit,havetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenputforwardconcerningmethodsofimprovingthesituating,butasinmostbranchesoftheGovernment,changescomeslowly.
Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathavetoomanywaitingcasestomorrowjudgesfromotherdistricts.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetswiththelitigantsandtheirlawyersinordertonarrowtheissues,limitthewitnesses,andprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendlesstimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents'evidence.
Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethod,small-claimscourts.Theproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCalifornia,forexample,thepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceoflawyers.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisnopeaking--thelitigantsneedtomakeonlya one-sentencestatementoftheirclaimBydoingso,theplaintiffgivesup anyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.
12.Thejudicialsystemisconsideredinadequatebecauseof__D___
A.highcostsandlongdelays.
B.hightaxesandlongdelays
C.slowchangesandhightaxes
D.highcostsandhightaxes
13.Thepre-trialconferenceissupposedto____D_
A.reducecourtevidence.
B.increasecourtcosts.
C.raisecourtefficiency
D.cutthenumberoflitigants.
14.Insmall-claimscourtsthelitigants_C____
A.statetheirclaimsindetail.
B.appearwithoutlegaladvisors.
C.canlatergotoajurytrial.
D.havetopayhighcourtcosts.
15.Themaintopicofthepassageisabout__A___
A.suggestionsonhowtomakelegalclaims.
B.waystoproducecourtevidence
C.waystodealwiththejudgeincourt
D.methodstoimprovecourtefficiency
About5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeo
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