Elroy逻辑 Bible笔记中文版 GMAT Critical Reasoning Bible Notes1.docx
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Elroy逻辑 Bible笔记中文版 GMAT Critical Reasoning Bible Notes1.docx
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Elroy逻辑Bible笔记中文版GMATCriticalReasoningBibleNotes1
做题时
1.不要看见一个你觉得正确的选项就直接选了而不去看别的选项,因为出题者的诡计就是放置一个具有高度迷惑性的选项在正确选项前,这样能驱使你去看每一个选项。
2.不要先读题,先看题干,在看问题。
因为你先看题目的话,你通常读完题干还会去读问题
CriticalReasoningBibleNotes
Chapter2&3BasicPrinciples
Basically,GMATcriticalreasoningstimulushastwotypes:
anargumentorasetoffactualstatement.
Todealwithstimulus,therearethreesteps:
1.Makeaquickanalysisofthetopicunderdiscussion
2.Readtheentirestimulusverycarefully
3.Analyzethestructureofthestimulus
Basedonthesesteps,thereareseveralprimaryobjectiveswhenreadingstimulus:
Objective1:
Determinewhetherthestimuluscontainsanargumentoronlyasetoffactualstatement
Difference:
Thelackofastrongreactionisoftenanindicationthatyouarenotreadinganargumentandareinsteadreadingjustasetoffacts.
缺乏强烈的反应,经常会是一个标志,你看到的不是论述,而是一组事实
PremiseIndicators(前提标志词)
Because/since/for/forexample/forthereasonthat/asindicatedby/dueto/owingto/thiscanbeseenfrom/weknowthisby…
ConclusionIndicators(结论标志词)
Thus/therefore/hence/consequently/asaresult/so/accordingly/clearly/mustbethat/showsthat/concludethat/followsthat/forthisreason…
N+.thus…….,sinceN和since后面的都是前提,thus后面的是结论
一定要充分的和精确的辨别论述的premise和conclusion
Objective2:
Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,identifytheconclusionoftheargument.Ifthestimuluscontainsafactset,examineeachfact.
最常见的迷惑形式:
结论标志词,和前提标志词背对背
Therefore,since..….,结论
Thus,because.…,结论
Hence,dueto……..,结论!
!
Whenreading,alwaysbeawareofthepresenceofthewordslistedABOVE!
!
1、一旦找到结论,必须马上锁定。
在确定结论之后才能看问题和选项。
如果原文中包含完整论证,找出结论;如果原文中只包含事实,仔细检查每个事实
Theorganizationofanargument:
Eachstimulusiscompromisedbyvariousparts:
Premise,Conclusion,AdditionalPremise,Counter-Premiseandsoon.
①Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonpremises(Maybeonepremiseoranumberofpremises).Soitiscrucialtorecognizewhatistheconclusionandwhatisthepremise.Theremayexistsomeconfusingformsintheargument.
②AdditionalPremiseIndicators:
Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,Inaddition
附加前提标志词:
Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,Inaddition
Sometimestheauthorwillmakeanargumentandthenforgoodmeasureaddanotherpremisethatsupportstheconclusionbutissometimesnon-essentialtotheconclusion.
附加前提有时候是不重要的(不需要这个前提,论述也可成立)
③Counter-PremiseIndicators:
But,Yet,Ontheotherhand,Admittedly,Incontrast,Although,Eventhough,Whereas,Despite,Afterall,Still
反对前提标志词:
Thegeneralcounter-premiseconceptdiscussesanidealthatissomewaydifferentfromanotherpartoftheargument.But,byraisingcounter-premises,theauthorcanminimizetheobjectionsthatmayoccuragainsthis/herownconclusion.
反对前提可以使对结论的反对意见程度变小
当原文没有只指示词时,这时候假定一个句子是前提,另一个是结论,然后自己加上因果联系词,因为前提,所以结论,看看是否符合逻辑。
如果不符合,那么就倒过来再看
④Complexargument
Theseargumentscontainmorethanoneconclusion.Intheseinstances,oneoftheconclusionsisthemainconclusion,andtheotherconclusionsaresubsidiaryconclusions.
一个主结论和一个次结论,次结论作为主结论的前提,或者起到一个过渡或者推导的作用
Sometimes,2opposingviewmayexistinoneargument.(SuchasConversationIssues)
Theseargumentscontainwordssuchas“however,but”.Thedifferencebetweencomplexargumentsandcounter-premiseindicatoristhefinalconclusionandthenumberofconclusions.
我们会在第十章看到的:
一个常见的复杂论述的形式:
1.放置一个主结论,在文章的第一句话中,然后放置一个次结论,在文章的最后一句话中,中间被一个结论指示词隔开。
这个形式将会诱导你去把第二个结论当做主结论。
2.发生在两个说话人中,这样出题人可以再问你多种多样的的问题。
P35
OneImportantPrinciple:
Orderofpresentationhasnoeffectonthelogicalstructureoftheargument.Theconclusioncanappearatthebeginning,themiddle,ortheendoftheargument!
Objective3:
Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,determinewhethertheargumentisstrongorweak.
前提的真实性不能决定一个论述的有效或者无效,论述是否想加强是单独的基于这个前提可以证明这个结论的程度
Whatiscrucialherearethehiddenassumptions.Thecontextofpremisescouldneverbetreatedasuntrue,butthelineofreasoningmaynotbevalid.So,thehiddenassumptionsplaycrucialroleinthelineofreasoning.
文章的前提是真实的,只是文章的推理存在问题
Twoconcepts:
1.Assumptions:
Thingsthatareassumedtobetruebeforereachingtheconclusion.(Orwecansaythingsthatareassumedtobetrueinthelineofreasoning.)
2.Inferences:
Thingsthatmustbetrueonthebasisoftheargument.Thatisthingsthatcanandwillbedrawnbasedontheargumentgiven.
Objective4:
Readcloselyandknowpreciselywhattheauthorsaid.Donotgeneralize!
PayattentiontoQuantityIndicators&ProbabilityIndicators.
QuantityIndicators:
all,every.most,many,some,several,few.sole,only,notall,none
ProbabilityIndicators.must,will,always,notalways,probably,likely,would,notnecessarily,could,rarely,never
Objective5:
Carefullyreadandidentifythequestionstem.Donotassumethatcertainwordsareautomaticallyassociatedwithcertainquestiontypes.
仔细阅读并且识别题干,不要假想某个词会和某种问题有联系
三大FAMILY:
MUSTBE/PROVE
一定为真
HELP
帮助
HURT
削弱
Mustbetrue/MostSupported
Assumption
Weaken
Mainpoint/Mainidea
Strengthen/Support
MethodofReasoning
ResolvetheParadox
FlawintheReasoning
ParallelReasoning
*EvaluatetheArgument属于HELP与HURT的结合
第一类FAMILY:
MUSTBE/PROVE题正确选项中不得出现原文中没有的新信息!
Stimuls是被接受的,即使它含有推理的缺陷
第二类FAMILY:
HELP题正确选项中经常用到原文以外的新信息
第三类FAMILY:
HURT题与HELP相同
**只有两种类型的题目在原文中没有结论:
MUSTBETRUE和RESOLVETHEPARADOX
**出现频率最高的几种题型:
Weaken,Mustbetrue,Assumption,Strengthen,Resolve
考得最少的几种题目类型:
MainPoint,MethodofReasoning,FlawintheReasoning,ParallelReasoning,EvaluatetheArgument
QuestionTypes:
1.Mustbetrue/Mostsupported2.MainPoint
3.Assumptions4.Strengthen/Support
5.ResolvetheParadox6.Weaken
7.MethodofReasoning8.FlawintheReasoning
9.ParallelReasoning10.Evaluatetheargument
Allquestiontypesarevariationsofthreemainquestion“families”,andeachfamilyiscomprisedofquestiontypesthataresimilartoeachother.
Family#1:
ProveStimulus→AnswerChoiceType:
1,2,7,8,9
Family#2:
HelpAnswerChoice→StimulusType:
3,4,5
Family#3:
HurtAnswerChoice→StimulusType:
6
Thearrowsrepresenttheflowofinformation:
Onepartoftheproblemissimplyacceptedandtheotherpartisaffected.
TheFirstFamily
TheSecondFamily
TheThirdFamily
1.Youmustacceptthestimulusinformation-evenifitcontainsanerrorofreasoning-anduseittoprovethatoneoftheanswerchoicesmustbetrue.
1.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorspresent,anddependingonthequestion,youwillhelpshoreuptheargumentinsomeway.
1.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorpresent,andyouwillfurtherweakentheargumentinsomeway.
2.Anyinformationinananswerchoicethatdoesnotappeareitherdirectlyinthestimulusorasacombinationofitemsinthestimuluswillbeincorrect.
2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Yourtaskistodeterminewhichanswerchoicebestmeetsthequestionposedinthestem.
2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Yourtaskistodeterminewhichanswerchoicebestattackstheargumentinthestimulus.
P.s.Oftenweseeinquestionstem“Theinformationabove,iftrue,…”
P.s.Often,weseeinquestionstem“Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,…”
objective6:
Prephase:
Afterreadingthequestionstem,takeamomenttomentallyformulateyouranswertothequestionstem.
看选项之前一定要自己先预测答案,这样你的预测完全是基于stimulus的,而且会帮你快速排出错误选项,通常情况下你预测的也是正确选项。
如果直接看选项,容易被出题者精心设计的错误选项所迷惑。
Objective7:
Alwaysreadeachofthefiveanswerchoices.
5个选项都要看
Objective8:
SeparatetheanswerchoicesintoContendersandLosers.Aftercompletingthisprocess,reviewtheContendersanddecidewhichansweristhecorrectone.
你迷惑的,或者有吸引里力的选项,分为contender.
不要浪费时间去找一个选项的优点,只需要去找下一个更优的选项。
然而,一个选项瞬间打动你让你觉得他是错误的,把它划分为loser。
最后回到那些有竞争力的选项,去决定哪一个是你要的
这样做可以平均每道逻辑题剩下30秒,不要小看这30秒。
GMAT的一个真理是:
littlethingsmakeabigdifference
Objective9:
IfallfiveanswerchoicesappeartobeLosers,returntothestimulusandre-evaluatetheargument.
如果你觉得五个选项都错,肯定是你遗漏了stimulus中的关键信息
Note:
当你做完一道题的时候,点完确认将ta马上抛之脑后,千万不要去想,否则很容易使你分心,而且很可能会让你做错下一道题,这就是GMAT的陷阱,
这不仅是一个考能力的考试,还是一个考心理素质的考试。
你不会的别人也不一定会,但别人不会的你很可能会。
永远记住这句话
Chapter4MustbeTrueQuestion
OG:
26.31,33,56,66.70,91,101,102.103.
Youmustlockdowntheunderstandingrequiredofthisquestioncategory:
whatdidyoureadinthestimulusandwhatdoyouknowonthebasisofthatreading?
仔细阅读选项,关注作者使用的修饰词,all,most,many,could,can等
作者的意图就是即使你要读的很快,但也要注意他写的这些修饰词跟选项中的差别,往往注意到了,就能很快选出
HighlyAttention:
Numbers&Percentage,ProbabilityIndicators,ModifierWords(Differencesbetween“many,all,entirely,most,etc.”)
Youcannotbringininformationfromoutsidethestimulustoanswerthequestions;alloftheinformationnecessarytoanswerthequestionresidesinthestimulus.ThecorrectanswertoaMustBeTruequestioncanalwaysbeprovenbyreferringtothefactssatedinthestimulus.
CorrectAnswersinMustbeTrueQuestion
1.ParaphrasedAnswers
重述的答案
ParaphrasedAnswersareanswersthatrestateaportionofthestimulusindifferentterms.Becausethelanguageisnotexactlythesameasinthestimulus,ParaphrasedAnswerscanbeeasytomiss.ParaphrasedAnswersaredesignedtotestyourabilitytodiscerntheauthor’sexactmeaning.Sometimestheanswercanappeartobealmosttooobvioussinceitisdrawndirectlyfromthestimulus.
2.Answersthatarethesumoftwoormorestimulusstatement(CombinationAnswers)
对原文信息合并的答案,可预测,但很难。
也就是归纳的结论
Anyanswerchoicethatwouldresultfromcombiningtwoormorestatementsinthestimuluswillbecorrect.
IncorrectAnswersinMust
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