C4 Environment.docx
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C4 Environment.docx
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C4Environment
CHAPTER4
ENVIRONMENT
生态,自然,环保
____________________________________
编者提示:
自然和生态是阅读的一大考点.其中自然灾害有曾为高口听力所青睐, 而众所周知环保话题已毫无疑问的成为中高口的最热门考点之一.本章对此方面的一些较专业的难词进行了详析和举例.
SECTIONI:
英译中
A
akillingfrost严寒
abrasion[]n.侵蚀;磨损
acidrainn.酸雨
[详析]
Acidrainisanairpollutionproducedwhenacidchemicalsareincorporatedintorain,snow,fogormist.The"acid"inacidraincomesfromsulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides,productsofburningcoalandotherfuelsandfromcertainindustrialprocesses.
acidification[]n.土地酸化
afforestation[]n.绿化造林
agriculturalecology[]农业生态学
airemissionstandards空气排放标准
airpollution空气污染
airpollutionemission空气污染排放(物)
algae[]n.藻类,海藻
alternativefuels[]--替代燃料
[详析]
Alternativefuelsincludecompressednaturalgas,alcohols,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),andelectricity.
altitude[]n.海拔
amplerainfalln.充足的雨量
annualtemperaturerange年气温幅度
anomalies[]n.反常(现象)
aquaticlife[]水生植物
arid[]adj.干旱的
artificialrainn.人工降雨
ashn.灰烬
atmosphere(The)n.大气层
AutumnalEquinox(fallequinox)[]秋分(9月22日左右)
[扩展]
VernalEquinox(springequinox)[]春分(3月21日左右)
B
biosphere[]n.生物圈
[详析]
Theterrestrialbiosphereincludesthelivingbiota(plantsandanimals)andthelitterandsoilorganicmatteronland,andthemarinebiosphereincludesthebiotaanddetritusintheoceans.
biota[]n.[生态]生物区
[详析]
Biotameanstheanimalandplant(faunaandflora)lifeofagivenarea.
barriereffectofmountains山的阻隔效应、栅栏效应
beachgoer[]n.海滩游客
biomes[]n.生物群系
blackholen.黑洞
[详析]
Blackholeisaplacewherethegravityissostrongthatlightcan'tevenescapefromit.howwouldyouknowwheretolookforit?
itcanalsobeinterpretedasgatewaystoanalternativeuniverse.
C
canopy[]n.树冠,华盖
carexhaust[]n.汽车尾气
carbondioxide(CO2)[]n.二氧化碳
carbonmonoxide(CO)[]n.一氧化碳
CleanAirActn.清洁空气法案
[详析]
The1990CleanAirActAmendmentsarethemostfar-reachingrevisionsofthe1970law.Inthissummary,werefertothe1990amendmentsasthe1990CleanAirAct.
cleanenergyn.清洁能源
cleanfuelsn.清洁燃料
[详析]
Low-pollutionfuelsthatcanreplaceordinarygasoline
climaten.气候
climaticanomaly[]气候异常
climaticzones[]气候带
[glossary][扩展]
Temperate[]温带(气候)
thecooltemperatezone寒温带
thewarmtemperatezone暖温带
Tropical[]热带(气候)
Subtropical[]亚热带(气候)
Tundra[]苔原(气候)
Equatorial[]赤道(气候)
Arid[]干旱(气候)
Mediterranean[]地中海式(气候)
Polar(arctic)极地(气候)
Mountains高山(气候)
Plateau[]高原(气候)
Maritime[]海洋性(气候)
Continentalclimate大陆气候
clint[]n.石芽
coastline[]n.海岸线
combustion[]n.燃烧
comet[]n.彗星
confluence[]n.汇流(处)
[详析]
Aconfluenceiswhereariverjoinsanotherriver.
contamination[]n.污染
continentalplate大陆板块
continentalshelves[]大陆架
contingency[]n.偶发事件
convection[]n对流
corrasion[]n.侵蚀
cost-effectiveadj.成本效益好的,合算的
cumulonimbusclouds[]n.积雨云
D
dailymaximumtemperaturesn.日最高气温
dailyminimumtemperaturesn.日最低气温
deathtolln.死亡人数
debrisflow[]泥石流
decompositionn.分解,腐烂
deepwatern.深冷水区
deforestation[]n.森林开伐
[例子]
Effortshavebeenmadetostopdeforestation----theremovalofforeststandsbycuttingandburningtoprovidelandforagriculturalpurposes,residentialorindustrialbuildingsites,roads,etc.orbyharvestingthetreesforbuildingmaterialsorfuel.
desertification[]n.(土壤)沙漠化,荒漠化
[例子]
Overgrazingofrangelands,large-scalecuttingofforestsandwoodlands,drought,andburningofextensiveareasallservetodestroyordegradethelandcoverandcausedesertification.
domesticsewage[]n.生活污水
drought[]n.旱灾
duststormn.沙尘暴
E
earthquake[]n.地震
earthquakemagnitude[]震级
eco-agriculture[]生态农业
ecologicalimpact生态影响
ecosystem[]n.生态系统
[详析]
Anecosystemisdefinedasplacehavinguniquephysicalfeatures,encompassingair,water,andland,andhabitatssupportingplantandanimallife.
eco-technology生态技术
eddy[]n./v.旋涡,起旋涡
ElNinoSouthernOscillation(ENSO)[](气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象
[详析]
厄尔尼诺是西班牙语"ElNino"的音译。
厄尔尼诺洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流,那时海底不再有冷的、丰富营养的海水,能引起鲸鱼和鱼类的死亡并且影响大部分太平洋地区的气候。
在南美厄瓜多尔和秘鲁沿岸,海水每年都会出现季节性增暖现象,因为这种现象发生在圣诞节前后,则被当地渔民称为厄尔尼诺-即"圣婴"(上帝之子)的意思。
现在厄尔尼诺一词已被气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常增暖的现象(在海洋气象学中规定,该海域海水表层温度高出气候平均值0.5℃以上,且持续时间超过6个月以上时定为厄尔尼诺出现)。
ThetermElNinomeans‘ChristChild’andwasfirstusedbyPeruvianfishermeninthelate1800’stodescribethewarmcurrentappearingoffthewesterncoastofPeruaroundChristmastime.ElNino,anditssisterevent–LaNina–aretheextremephasesofthesouthernoscillation,withElNinoreferringtoawarmingoftheeasterntropicalPacific,andLaNinaacooling.又见L词条中LaNinaphenomenon拉尼娜现象
emission[]n.排气(如汽车废气等);排放物
environmentn.环境
[详析]
Environmentreferstothesumofallexternalconditionsaffectingthelife,development,andsurvivalofanorganism.
EnvironmentAbstracts《环境文摘》简称EA
environmentalauditing环境审核
environmentalawareness环保意识
environmentalbenefit环境效益
environmentaldegradation[]环境恶化
environmentalhazards[]环境危机
environmentallapserate[]气温垂直递减率(如由山地地形引起)
environmentalmanagement环境管理
environmentalthreats环境威胁
environmentalistn.环境保护主义者
epicenter[]n.震中
Equator[]n.赤道
equatorialzone[]道地区
existingenvironmentalregulations现有环境规范条例
extinctspecies[]灭绝的物种
F
fjord[]n.峡湾
firn[]n.积雪;万年雪;冰原
[详析]
Materialthatistransitionalbetweensnowandglacierice.Itisformedfromsnowafterpassingthroughonesummermeltseasonandbecomesglaciericeafteritspermeabilitytoliquidwaterfallstozero.
floodn.洪水;洪灾
foodchain食物链
[详析]
Asequenceoforganisms,eachofwhichusesthenextlowermemberofthesequenceasafoodsource.
forestcoveragerate森林覆盖率
forestation[]n.造林
fossilfuel[]矿物燃料如石油、煤、天然气等,由古代生物衍生而成
[详析]
Anyhydrocarbondepositthatcanbeburnedforheatorpower,suchaspetroleum,coal,andnaturalgas.
freshwaterpollution淡水污染
fungi(pluralformoffungus)[]n.真菌(包括酵母、霉菌、担子菌和蘑菇等)
[详析]
Molds,mildews,yeasts,mushrooms,andpuffballs,agroupoforganismsthatlackchlorophyllandthereforearenotphotosynthetic.
[glossary][扩展]
moldsn.霉菌
bacterian.细菌
virusesn.病毒
G
galaxy[]n.星系,银河
[详析]
1.Agalaxyreferstoasystemofabout100billionstars.
2.TheMilkyWay银河系
genera[]n.(生物学)属,类
geothermalenergy[]n.地热能
glacier[]n.冰河
globalwarming全球变暖
[例句]
Worldwidetemperatureshavebeenrisingwhichsuggestsaglobalwarming.全世界温度上升,说明全球正在变暖.
GMT(GreenwichMeanTime)格林威治平时
gorge[]n.山峡
[例句]Geologicalearly-warningsystemhasbeensetupinthreegorges.在三峡建了地质预警系统
grainforgreen退耕还林(还草)
grasslandn草地,草原
greenhouseeffectn.温室效应
[详析]Thereisconcernthatincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases,includingcarbondioxideandmethane,mayenhancethegreenhouseeffectandcauseglobalwarming.
greenhousegasesn.温室气体
groundcovern.地被植物
[详析]Groundcoverreferstoplantsgrowntokeepsoilfromeroding.
grounddepressionn.面沉降;地面塌陷
groundwatern.地下水
[详析]
ItmeansthesupplyoffreshwaterfoundbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth(usuallyinaquifers)thatoftensupplieswellsandsprings.
H
habitat[]n.自然环境,栖息地
Hazardousairpollutants(HAPs)危害性空气污染物
[详析]
chemicalsthatcauseserioushealthandenvironmentaleffects.
hazardouschemicals有害化学物质
hazardoussubstance危险品,有害物质
hazardouswaste危险废弃物
hazen.薄雾,霾
headlandn.岬
heatislandeffect热岛效应
[详析]
Citiesformheatislandsduetoincreasedcarbondioxide.
herbivore[]n.食草动物
[详析]
Herbivoreisananimalthatfeedsonplants.
Himalayas[]喜马拉雅山(脉)
hotsprings温泉
[扩展]
geysers[]间歇泉
humanexposure人体照射
hydrocarbon[]n.氮氢化合物,烃
hydrology[]n.水文地理学
I
iceage冰河时期,冰川代
[详析]
IceAgereferstothelatestglacialepoch,thePleistoceneEpoch.
icesheet(continentalglacier)(地)大冰原;冰盾
[详析]
DuringthePleistoceneEpoch,icesheetscoveredlargepartsofNorthAmericaandnorthernEuropebuttheyarenowconfinedtopolarregions(e.g.,GreenlandandAntarctica).
iceshelf(海)冰架
industrialsolidwastes工业固体废物
infiltration(soil)[]n.渗透
[详析]
Infiltrationmeansmovementofwaterfromthegroundsurfaceintothesoil.
infrared[]n.红外线
[详析]
lightthatissoredhumanscannotseeit
infraredradiation[]红外线辐射
[详析]
AbbreviatedIR;alsocalled"longwaveradiation".(简写为IR,又称长波辐射)
insolation[]n.暴晒;(医)中暑
internationalenergyforum国际能源论坛
internationalenergyfoundation国际能源组织
isotherm[]n.等温线
[详析]
Alinethatjoinsplaceswiththesametemperature.
isotope[]n.[化]同位素
K
karst[]n.喀斯特地形(由于腐蚀而产生裂隙,落水洞,潜流和洞穴的不规则的石灰岩地区)
akarstcave水蚀石灰洞;溶洞
L
LaNinaphenomenon[](气候)拉尼娜现象
[详析]
拉尼娜:
拉尼娜是西班牙语"LaNina"-"小女孩"的意思。
气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常变冷的现象(海水表层温度低出气候平均值0.5℃以上,且持续时间超过6个月以上)。
拉尼娜也称反厄尔尼诺现象。
厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜现象通常交替出现,对气候的影响大致相反,通过海洋与大气之间的能量交换,改变大气环流而影响气候的变化。
从近50年的监测资料看,厄尔尼诺出现频率多于拉尼娜,强度也大于拉尼娜。
又见E词条中ElNinoSouthernOscillation(ENSO)(气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象
landsubsidence地面沉降
lapserate[](山区)气温垂直递减梯度
latitudes[]纬度
longitudes[]经度
lifezone(生)生物带
lava[]n.熔岩,火山岩
leading-edgeresearch尖端研究
lightning[]n.闪电
limestonescenery岩溶景色
[详析]
Limestonescenery,orkarst,formssomeofthemostattractivesceneryinBritain.
litterv.乱扔垃圾
littern.(树林里的)枯枝落叶层
localtopography当地地形
M
marinepollution[]n.海洋污染
marshn.湿地,沼泽
[详析]
Marshisatypeofwetlandthatdoesnotaccumulateappreciablepeatdepositsandisdominatedbyherbaceousvegetation.
marshgas;methane[]n.沼气
meanannualtemperaturesn.年平均气温
meanmonthlytemperaturesn.月平均气温
Mediterraneann./adj.地中海(的)
meltingSnown.融雪
meteorshower[]n.流星雨
micro-climatesn.小气候
microorganism[]n.微
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