英国概况教案 46.docx
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英国概况教案 46.docx
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英国概况教案46
英国概况教案4
ChapterTwo
EnglishHistory
SectionOne
OriginoftheEnglishNation
I.Introduction:
Britishpeopleoftenflaunt(夸耀)theirlonghistorytoAmericans.ThoughunlikeChinesehistory,Britainhasitsimportantpositioninthehistoryoftheworld,especiallyinmodernhistoryoftheworld.
TheBritainIslandshadeverbeenconnectedwiththeEuropeanContinent,butitwasseparatedinthe4thIceAge(第4纪冰期).Itsgeographicalsituation(地理位置)madeittakeinmorecontinentalculture(吸收大陆文化)insteadofparticipatingin(参与)anddevelopingthecontinentalculture.
About2000yearsago,Celts(凯尔特人)werestillinprimitivesociety.TheystartedtomoveintoGreatBritaininabout700B.C.AtthattimeBritainislandwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps(沼泽地).Laterin55B.C.theRomansinvadedGreatBritainforabout460yearsandstoppedinabout410A.D.Anglo-SaxonscametoBritainanddefeatedRomans,andbecametherulerofBritain.In1066,NormansfromFranceinvadedBritainandtheruleofAnglo-Saxonwasover.NormansbegantheirruleoverBritainandlaternootherpeoplecame.
FromtheCeltstoNormansConqueredBritain,theeconomyandculturehaddevelopedfast.Anglo-SaxonsintroducedOldEnglish,andNormansIntroducedMiddleEnglish.
IntheMiddlecentury,theeconomyandsocietyofBritaingraduallyprogressed,andthepopulationincreased.Feudalism(封建主义)appeared,andtherudiment(雏形)ofparliamentappearedandtheinitialcapitalism(初期资本主义)cameintobeing(产生了),withtheappearanceofTudor[]dynasty(都铎王朝).
TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutioninthemiddleofthe17thcenturywasthenecessaryresultofstrugglingbetweenCapitalismandFeudalism.
Intheearly19thcenturyGreatBritainbegantheIndustrialRevolution,therevolutionoftechnologyintextiles,mining(采矿),metallurgy(冶金),power(动力)andtransportationpromotedwitheachother(相互促进).TheIndustrialRevolutionmadeGreatBritainmuchstrongerintheworld,sointhelateofthe19thcentury,Britainmadecolonyexpansion(殖民扩张),andtilltheendofthe19thcentury,theareaofitscolonieswas135timesaslargeasthecountry(本国)andBritainbecameanempirethat:
“thesunneverset(日不落帝国)”.
Intheearly20thcentury,thesystemofparliamentwascontinuouslycompleted(继续完善),andthesituationoftheworldwasmuchmoreserious.Germanydevelopedveryfastanditwantedtocarveup(瓜分)theworldmarkets.ButGreatBritainwantedtopreventGermanyfromdoingthat,andtwomilitarygroupscameintobeing(形成了两大军事集团).Laterthefirstworldwarbrokeout.Britainmadegreateffort(withallofitsnationalpower倾其国力)toparticipateinthewar.ThoughBritainwonthewar,yetitscostwasgreat(代价巨大)andtheoldpowerfulempirehadgoneforever(昔日的强大帝国一去不复返了)。
Inthemiddle20thcentury,thesecondworldwarbrokeout.Britain,combinedwithAmerica,RussiaandChina,madeamilitaryoperation(结成军事同盟)tofightagainstGermany,ItalyandJapan.Andfinallytheywonthewar,butBritainfacedmoreseriousfuture(更严峻的未来).
II.Notes
1.JuliusCaesar:
尤里乌斯。
恺撒(100B.C.---44B.C.)(P61)
CaesarwasthegeneralandpoliticianofancientRomantime.Hechangedthehistoricalcourse(进程)ofGreecetoRome.In58—50B.C.heledhisarmytoinvadeGaul[高卢(古代欧洲西部一地区,大体包括今意大利北部、法国、比利时、卢森堡Luxemburg及荷兰、瑞士Switzerland的一部分)andreachedthebankofRhine(/rain/莱茵河).Andin55B.C.CaesarcrossedtheRhineandinvadedtheGermanicarea(日尔曼地区),andlaterhewentacrosstheBritishChannelandinvadedBritainandconqueredit.
2.Roman/RomeEmpire:
usu.referstotheRomanslaverycountry(罗马奴隶制国家)30B.C.InancientRomantimes,Rome/RomanEmpireachievedalotofachievementsincreature(物质)andspiritualculture,whichhadgreaterinfluencetolaterwesterncountries.(P61)
3.Alfred:
ThefamousAlfredtheGreatofWessex(著名的阿尔弗烈德大王).Hebuilthisarmy,madeshipsandreinforced(加固)theforts(要塞),andformanytimeshedefeatedtheDanishtroops(大麦军队)whoinvadedEngland.Hehadestablished(制定)code(法典)ofEnglandformanytimes.Hemanagedhiskingdommethodically(井井有条).HetaughthimselfLatin,andtranslatedtheLatinbooksintoEnglish.Alfredwasawiseemperor(英明君主)inancienttime.
4.OldEnglish:
古英语.指5世纪中叶日尔曼人(Romans)入侵英国到11世纪初法国诺曼底人征服英国(449—1066)这一时期英国人使用的语言(主要是由盎格鲁撒克逊人开始讲),和现代英语比起来,古英语在拼写\语音\词汇\语法等方面差别很大.
5.Viking:
8-11(世纪时劫掠(rob)欧洲西北海岸的)欧洲海盗,斯堪地纳维亚海盗(Scandinaviansearovers).
DanishViking丹麦海盗(P64)
6.GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟)(probably1340—1400):
thefirstgreatpoetofBritain.Hiswritingsfallinto3periods:
1)theperiodofFrenchinfluence(1359—1372).InthisperiodheusedtheOctosyllabic[]couplet(八音节双韵诗)。
Suchas“TheBokeoftheDuchesse《悼公爵夫人》(1396),RomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇故事》2)theperiodofItalianinfluence.Inthisperiodheusedoctosyllabiccouplet,usedmainlytheheroicstanza[节](传奇诗节)ofsevenlines,andbegantousetheheroiccouplet(夸张韵诗),suchas“theLegend[传说]ofGoodWomen《好女人的故事》(1386),“TroylusandCryseyde”《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》。
3)Theperiodofhismaturity(成熟)(1386—1400).Inthisperiodheusedtheheroiccouplet(传奇诗体),suchas“theCanterburytales”《坎特佰雷故事集》(1387)etc.
Britishculturallanguageofmoderntimes(近代)andcreated(开创)thewayofrealisticBritishliterature.Thushewascalled“theFatherofBritishPoetry”.(P64)
7.theDomesday[]Book:
末日审判书;最终税册,英国土地志(也叫DoomsdayBook)(P67)
ItisthefirstprimitiverecordthatWilliamtheConquestImadeageneralsurveyofEnglishLands.SomepeoplecalledthissurveytheDescriptiontoEnglandthen.Buttothe12thcenturypeopleoftenusedtheterm“thedomesdayBook”inordertoshowthatitwasasecretforthissurveyrecord.Thekingmadeadetailandquicksurveyofthelands.Itisoneofthemostremarkable(最卓越的)politicalachievementsinMiddleAge.TheDomesdayBookhasthegreatestvalueinitself.Andnowitistreasuredup(珍藏)inLondonPublicFilesMuseum.
8.MiddleEnglish:
(1066-----)(P68)
III.MainPoints
1.TheNativeCeltsandtheAnglo-SaxonConquest:
(P56-65)
1)About2000yearsago,BritainIslandswerestillinprimitive
society(原始社会).Inabout700B.C.Celts(凯尔特人)from
theEuropeanContinentcametoBritain.Theycamewiththeir
ownlanguage,Celtslanguageandcivilizations.
Celtswerehuntersaswellaspracticed(有经验的)farmers.Theydrained(排水)themarshlands(沼泽地)foragriculturalpurpose;builthousesofwood.
CeltsinBritainarebelievedtobeancestorsoftheHighlandScots(苏格兰的盖尔人),theIrishandtheWelshpeople.(P60—61)
2)Inabout55B.C.theRomansinvadedBritainfirst,andtheninvadedBritainagainin43A.D.anddrovethenativeCeltsintomountainousScotlandandWales.
TheRomansalsobroughttheircivilizationsintoBritain.Theybuilttowns,temples,theatersandfinebuildings,betteronesthantheCeltshadeverdreamedof;Theydrainedthemarshes(沼泽地),clearedawaytheforests,builtroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivate(耕种)theirlandinbetterway;Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentincities.
TheRomansoccupiedEnglandforover350years(from43A.D.–410A.D.).(P61)
3)A)In410A.D.theGermanicracesstartedtoinvadetheRomeEmpire.TheRomansoldiersinEnglandwererecalled(召回)todefendtheirhomecountry(本国).EnglandwasthusagaingiventothecontrolofthenativeCelts.Butthenativesdidn’tknowhowtoprotectthemselvesbecauseoflongprotectionbytheRomans.TheyfirstwereinvadedbyPicts(皮克特人)andScots(苏格兰的盖尔人)andthenbytheJutes(朱特人)。
(P61)
B)AftertheinvasionofJutes,theAnglesinvadedEnglandfromnorthernEurope.TheSaxons(Angles)werefromnorthernGermany.Thename“England”wasgivenbytheAngles(means“Angle’sLand”).AndthepeoplelivedinEnglandwerecalledtheEnglishpeople.ButtheyneveroccupiedScotland,WalesandIreland.(P62)
C)TheAnglesbroughtalongtheirlanguagewhichwascalledOldEnglish(thelanguageoftheAngles).ThiswasthebeginningoftheOldEnglishperiodinEnglishhistory.(P62)
D)theAnglo-Saxonsestablishedmanykingdoms.Themanykingdomsweregraduallycombinedintosevenprincipal(主要的)kingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,East,Anglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThiswascalledtheHeptarchy/’helpta:
ki/(七王国).Later,thesevenkingdomswereoftenatwarwitheachother.Asaresult,theywereoftenbrokenupandpieced(拼凑)togetheragain.Intheearly9thcentury,Wessex(另一拼凑起来的王国)becamethedominantkingdom(有统治权力的王国).
TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonic[]religion(日尔曼教)toBritain.
(P63)
E)Alfred:
(P63)
OneoftheearliestandgreatestofEnglishkings.HewasthekingofWessex.Hebecamekingin871A.D.
BeforeAlfredbecameking,theDanes(丹麦人)begantoinvadeEngland.TheycameinmuchthesamewayastheAngles,SaxonsandJuteshaddonebefore.TheDanesplundered(抢劫)thethingsofEnglishpeople.
AfterAlfredbecamekingofWessex,hebegantofightagainsttheDanishinvaders.Hefoundedastrongfleet(船队)tobeattheDanesatsea,andAlfredbecameknownas“fatheroftheBritishNavy”.
AtfirstAlfredwasdefeatedbythestrongDanes,andhewasforcedtorunawayintothemountains.ButfinallyAlfreddefeatedtheDanesinthebattleofWedmore(WetMoor).Yet,becausetheDaneswereverystrong.AlfredwasnotabletodrivethemoutofEngland.Hehadtomakeatreaty(协定)withthem,allowingthemtokeepthenorthernandeasternpartofEngland.
KingAlfredwasevengreaterinpeacethanhewasinwar.HeestablishedmanyschoolsandinvitedlearnedchurchmenfromRometoteachattheseschools.HehimselflearnedLatin.
Hiscontributiontoliteraturewasalsogreat(P64).Hiswritingsandtranslationshavebeenregardedasthebeginningofproseliterature(散文文学)inEngland.
Alfreddiedin901.
F)Afterthe
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