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外文标题：

PM2.5monitoringsystembasedonZigBeewirelesssensornetwork

外文作者：

LukaiLin,XiangshunLiandWeiyingGu

文献出处:

InternationalConferenceonAdvancesinEnergy,EnvironmentandChemicalEngineering,2017（如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做）

英文2524单词，13854字符（字符就是印刷符），中文3648汉字。

PM2.5monitoringsystembasedonZigBeewirelesssensornetwork

Abstract:

Intheviewofthehazeproblem,aimingatimprovingthedeficiencyofthetraditionalPM2.5monitoringmethods,suchastheinsufficientreal-timemonitoring,limitedtransmissiondistance,highcostandthedifficultytomaintain,theatmospherePM2.5monitoringsystembasedonZigBeetechnologyisdesigned.ThesystemcombinestheadvantagesofZigBee’slowcost,lowpowerconsumption,highreliabilityandGPRS/Internet’scapabilityofremotetransmissionofdata.Furthermore,itadoptsTI’sZ-Stackprotocolstack,andselectsCC2530chipandTI’sMSP430microcontrollerasthecore,whichestablishestheairpollutionmonitoringnetworkthatishelpfulfortheearlypredictionofmajorairpollutiondisasters.

1Introduction

PM2.5referstoparticlesthatcanbesuspendedintheairforalongtimeintheairwithanaerodynamicequivalentdiameterlessthanorequalto2.5microns.Duetothesmallparticlesize,largearea,strongactivity,easinesstocarrytoxicandharmfulsubstances（suchasheavymetals,microorganisms,etc.）,PM2.5hasagreatimpactonhumanhealthandairenvironment[1].Inaddition,thecontinuedaccumulationofPM2.5concentrationeasilyleadtoawiderangeoffogandhazeweather.InChina,themonitoringofPM2.5islaggingbehind,andonlyafewareasofthecountryhavemonitoredPM2.5beforethenationalreleaseofthelatestambientairqualitystandards.DuetothelargevarietyofconcentrationofPM2.5inresidentialareas,commercialareasandlocalproduction-intensiveareas,itisnotpossibletorelyonthedataobtainedfromthecitymonitoringstationstodeterminetheprecisePM2.5concentrationinsmallareas.PM2.5monitoringsystemusedintheregionssmallerthantheurbanareasusuallyuseswirednetworkconnections,whichisexpensiveand

difficulttomaintainforlargeproductionbases.

Asawirelesscommunicationstandardoflowpowerconsumptionandlowrate,ZigBeeisaresearchhotspotinthefieldofwirelesscommunicationinrecentyears.Itiswidelyusedinthefieldsofintelligentmeterreading,medicalmonitoringandenvironmentalmonitoring[2].Therefore,thewirelesssensornetworkbasedonZigBeeisappliedinPM2.5monitoringtoimprovetheshortcomingsoftraditionalmonitoringmethods,suchastheinsufficientreal-timemonitoringandlimitedtransmissiondistance,andtheeffectiveestablishmentofairpollutionmonitoringnetworkisofgreatsignificancefortheearlypredictionofmajorairpollutiondisasters.Thestructureofthispaperisasfollows:

（2）Overallsystemdesign:

theoverallschemeofthesystemanditsimplementationprinciplearesummarized.（3）Systemhardwaredesign:

detailsofthesystem'shardwarecompositionandhardwareconnection.（4）Systemsoftwaredesign:

introductionsofthesoftwarealgorithmstomakethesystemrunefficientlyandreliably.（5）Verificationofexperimentalresults:

realizethesystemusingtheabovehardwareandsoftwarewithgreatefficiency.（6）Conclusion:

thecorrespondingconclusionsareobtainedaccordingtotheexperimentaldataofthesystem.

2Systemdesign

TherearethreespecificformsofZigBeewirelesscommunicationnetwork,whicharestarnetworktopology,treenetworktopologyandnetworktopology[3].Thedesignusesatreenetworktopology,whosesizeislargerthanthesimpleststarnetwork,suitableforlargeareaofPM2.5monitoring.Anditsresourcesrequiredarelessthanthenetworktopologytoachieveaspecificandsimpleenvironmentalmonitoring.Theterminalnodeisresponsibleforcollectingthedataandtransmittingthedatatotheupperlayeroftheroutingnode,theroutingnodewillpassthedatatotheuppercoordinatoraftersummarizingthedata.Afterthat,thecoordinatoranalysesandsendsthedatatothemonitoringcentrethroughthegateway.Thus,aPM2.5remotemonitoringsystembasedonZigBeeandGPRSisbuilt.ThesystemdiagramisshowninFig.1.

Fig.1Systemdiagram

3Hardwarecomponents3.1Wirelesstransceivermodule

AsshowninFig.2,thedesignoftheterminalacquisitionnodeismainlycomposedofCC2530modulebasedonTexasInstrumentandRFpoweramplifiermoduleCC2591.TheCC2530isatruesystem-on-a-chipsolutionfor2.4GHzIEEE802.15.4,ZigbeeandRF4CEapplications.ItcombinestheleadingRFtransceiverwithexcellentperformanceandindustry-enhanced8051CPU,enablingtobuildastrongnetworkataverylowtotalcostofmaterial[4].CC2591isalow-costhigh-performanceRFfrontendfor2.4GHzband,whichintegratespoweramplifiers,lownoiseamplifiers,balancedconvertersandRFmatchingnetworks,etc.WiththeuseofCC2530,itsdatatransmissionrangecanbeextendedto600meters.

Fig.2Terminalnodestructure3.2Dataacquisitionmodule

Asensor（alsocalleddetector）isaconverterthatmeasuresaphysicalquantityandconvertsitintoasignalwhichcanbereadbyanobserverorbyaninstrument[5].APM2.5sensorisusedtomeasuretheconcentrationofatmosphericparticleswithlight

scatteringmethod.ThemethodisbasedontheMie（MIE）law,whichisusedtomeasurethemassconcentrationofparticulatethroughmeasuringscatteredlightsignalemittedbytheparticlesintheair.AccordingtotheMietheory,underfixedobservationangleandobservationdistance,theintensityofthescatteredlightislinearlyrelatedtotheconcentrationoftheparticleswhenthewavelengthandintensityoftheincidentlightandthecompositionoftheparticlesarefixed.Therefore,aslongasilluminateitwithmonochromaticlightandthendetectthescatteredlightintensityofafixedangleanddistance,theparticleconcentrationcanbecalculated.Thisdesignusesthelaserdiodeasthelightsource,withredlightastheincidentlight.Samplingairenterstheregionoflaserbeamthroughairduct.Whentheparticlesintheairenterthelaserbeamregion,thelaserisscattered,andthephotoelectricdetectorreceivesthescatteredlightintensitysignalreflectedbytheconcavemirror.Thephotoelectricsignalisconvertedtothecorrespondingelectricalsignalbythephotoelectriceffectofthephotodetector.Afterthesignalisprocessedbythecircuit,theconcentrationofPM2.5isobtained[6].

3.3Communicationmodule

Inordertotransmitthedatadetectedbythesensornetwork,theschemeadoptedinthispaperis

（1）serialcommunication:

thecoordinatorconnectwiththePCmachinethroughtheserialportandtransfersdatainthelocaldistancedirectly,whichnotonlycanviewthedatabutalsofacilitatethesystemdebugging.

（2）GPRSmodulecommunication:

SIM900AmodulecanrealizeGPRS/GSMremotecommunication,whichhaslongcommunicationdistanceandhighreliability.（3）ThroughtheEthernetReal-timedatauploadedtothedatamonitoringcentre,PM2.5dataisanalysedmoreintuitiveandscientificandtheirtrendcanbeforecasted,whichplayedapositiveroleinthepreventionofairpollutiondisaster.HeremainlyintroducestheGPRScommunication.ThisdesignusestheSIM900AmoduleproducedbySIMCom.ThechipusesapowersavingtechnologydesignedtominimizepowerconsumptioninSLEEPmodetoonly1.0mA,whichissuitableformostofthelowpowerrequirements.ChipembeddedTCP/IPprotocol,theSIM900AusesthestandardATcommandtowritetoachievetheTCPconnectionwiththecentralserver,sothatthedatacollectedbyZigBeenetworktransferout[7].Themodulehastheadvantagesofcompactstructure,easyproductionandprocessing,andisbasedontheARM926EJSarchitecture,canbewidelyusedinwirelesssensornetworks,vehicletracking,intelligentmeterreadingandotherfields.

3.4Coordinator

Coordinatoristhecoremoduleofthewholewirelesssensornetwork.Themainfunctionistoprocessdata,storedataandcontrolflow.Ontheonehand,itprocesses

andcalculatesthedataandsendsittotheradiofrequencymodule.Ontheotherhand,itshoulddealwiththedatainformationreceivedbytheradiofrequencymoduleandcontroltheoperationofothermodulesofthehardwareplatform[8].

MSP430microcontrollerisaTI’s16bitultra-lowpowermixedsignalprocessor.Thechipusesthecurrentpopularinstructionset,theuseofadvancedarchitecturegreatlyenhanceitsdataprocessingandcomputingcapabilities.Also,itspowerconsumptionisextremelylow:

inactivemode,theoperatingcircuitisonly280uA,intheclosedstaterequires0.1uAcurrent.Inaddition,MSP430microcontrolleralsohasarichperipheralinterface,whichissuitableforthelargedatatransmissionandhighreal-timerequirementsofthePM2.5inspectionsystem.CoordinatornodehardwarecompositionasshowninFig.3.

Fig.3Coordinatornodestructure4SystemSoftwareDesign

ThesystemsoftwareimplementstheZigBeeprotocolandcompletesthenetworkingbasedonthehardwarenodes.Atthesametime,itrealizesthereal-timemonitoringofPM2.5onthebasisofthenetwork.Themaintasksareasfollows:

theterminalnodesachievethedatacollectionandADconversion,thencarryoutthecalculationoftheconcentrationofatmosphericparticulatesandpackettransmission;thecoordinatorbuildsandmaintainstheentirenetworkandachievesthedatatransmission.

4.1IntroductiontotheZigBeeprotocol

Thewirelesssensornetworknodesneedtohavecorrespondingwirelessnetworkprotocolsto