虚拟式及假设意义表示法综述.docx
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虚拟式及假设意义表示法综述.docx
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虚拟语气以及假设意义表示法综述
-李老师笔记
虚拟式以及假设意义表示法综述
一、虚拟式
虚拟式是一种专门表达假设意义和非事实意义的动词形式。
它有两种形式,即be-型虚拟式和were-型虚拟式。
²were-型虚拟式(与事实相反(non-fact))
were-型虚拟式只有一种形式,即不管主语是什么人称,be动词一律用were,如Iwere,youwere,shewere,hewere。
主要用于以下句型:
1.用于If,ifonly,asif,asthough,though引导的句子中,表与事实相反(non-fact)
IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Hetalksasifheweretheboss.
2.出现在Wish,wouldrather(宁愿),suppose(假设),imagine(设想)之后,表与事实相反(non-fact)IwishIweretall.
I’dratherIwerenothere.
Supposetheearthwereflat.
²be-型虚拟式
be-型虚拟式中动词不论人称,均用原形;此种虚拟式不一定与事实相反。
主要用于以下几种情况:
1.用于if,though等引导的句子中
Eg.Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.(如果这个谣言是真的,那么任何事都有可能。
)
Thougheveryonedesert(抛弃)you,Iwillnot.(即使大家都抛弃你,我也不会)
注:
此种句子和were型虚拟式不同,were型均为non-fact(非事实),而此种表假设,并非明显的与事实相反。
2.用于公式化的句子中
LonglivePeople’sRepublicofChina!
Godblessyou!
Deviltakehim!
(混蛋!
)
3.用于命令,决定,建议等词语之后
注:
此种虚拟式和一般意义上的虚拟不同,它并非non-fact,也没有假设意思,而更多带有较正式的命令、建议语气。
a.用于动词后
Heorderedthatalltheworkbefinished.Sheinsistedthatshegothereherself.
Thechairmandecidedthatthefactorybeclosed.
b.用于形容词后
Itisnecessarythathecomeherebefore9am.Itisimportantthatshefinishtheworktoday.
其他形容词如:
advisable, appropriate,impossible等
c.用于名词后
4
Wewerefacedwiththedecisionthatthemeetingbecanceled.Hisorderthatthearmybesentatoncewascarriedout.
二、假设意义表示法综述
1.用动词的过去式表示假设意义
常见于以下结构:
a.Itistime(time)…
Itistimewewenttobed.
You’vebeenworkingtoohard.It’stimeyoutookarest.Itistimewehaddinner.
Itisabouttimeyoumadeupyourmind.Itishightimeyoulentherahand.
Itishightimeweleftthisplace.
b.Iwouldrather/sooner(that)you/he/they…
I’mtoldtheyaregoingbybus,butIwouldrathertheywentbytrain.
Shewillgethomeatdinnertime,butIwouldrathershegothomealittleearlier.I’msureheiskeepingsomethingback.I’dratherhetoldmethetruth.
Hedidn’tattendthemeeting.Iwouldratherhehadbeenpresent.Shegotdrunklastnight.I’drathershehadn’tdrunksomuch.
Theyofferedmethisexpensivewine,butfranklyI’drathertheyhadofferedmesomebeer.
c.Ifonly…
IfonlyIknewheraddress.
IfonlyIhadenoughmoneywithme.IfonlyIcouldswim.
IfonlyIhadgonebytaxi.
Ifonlyhehadrememberedtobuysomefruit.Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice.
d.asif/asthough…
Hebehavesasifheownedthisplace.Heorderedmeasifheweremyboss.
Werememberedtheaccidentvividlyasifithappenedonlyyesterday.
TheyarestaringatmeasifIwas/werecrazy.Shelookedasifshehadhadsomebadnews.
在某些语境中,如果不表示假设意义,就不必用过去形式
Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
Thefishsmellsasifithasgonebad.Theappletastesasifitissour.
e.Iwish(that)…
表示与现在事实或者过去事实相反的主观愿望:
Iwish(that)Ididn’thavetogotoworktoday.
Iwish(that)Iwas/wereabittaller.
Iwishyouwerecomingwithme,Peter.IwishIhadn’tsaidthat.
IwishIhadbroughtamapwithme.
Shewishesshe’dnevergotinvolvedinthewholeaffair.Iwishthesunwasshiningatthismoment.
IwishIhadn’teatensomuchlastnight.
如果表示对将来事态的主观愿望,通常用某些情态助动词的过去时形式,此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委婉的劝告,eg:
Iwishyouwouldn’tsmokeinpublicplaces.
Iwishyouwouldlistentoyourteacher’sadvice.IwishIcoulddosomethingforyouinreturn.
²Compare:
Iwish&Ihope
wish
相同点:
wishtodosth
wish+Oo(双宾语),eg:
IwishyouamerryChristmas!
hope
hopetodosth
Hope不可以接双宾语
不同点:
Iwish(that)…后可用虚拟语气
Ihope(that)…只可以用陈述语气;随后的动词除
非表示婉转口气外,很少用过去时:
Ihopeyouareready.
Wehopeyouwillbehappy.
2.用情态助动词过去时形式表示假设意义
a.条件句
IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotmissthisopportunity.Ifhewerehere,Iwouldexplaintohimmyself.
IfIknewheraddress,Iwouldhavewrittentoher.
Ifithadnotbeenforme,youwouldnotbefreenow.
Ifhehadn’tmissedthemorningtrain,hewouldnothavebeenlateforthemeeting.Ifhehadbroughtamapwithhim,hewouldn’thavegotlost.
注:
条件状语从句用were型或动词过去形式,主句采用情态动词的过去形式,表示与事实相反的假设。
b.含蓄条件句
Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thaveachievedanything.
Indifferentcircumstances,Imighthaveagreed.(如果在别的情况下,我或许已经同意了)Thesamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.
Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavemademorecontributionstothecountry.Anyonewhoshouldviolatethelawwouldbepunished.
注:
含蓄条件即不包含if,unless,aslongas等引导条件状从的连词,但表示假设意义,可换成明显的条件状从。
c.用于其他语境
Thatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock.ThatIshouldseeacollegestudentarrestedforstealing!
Wouldthatthefloodmightnevercomeagain!
Tothinkthathewouldmarrysuchanastywoman!
Tothinkthatheshouldhavedesertedhiswifeandchildren!
Whowouldhavethoughtthatthingsshouldcometosuchatragicend!
Whowouldhavethoughtthemanlivingnextdoorshouldbeahiddenterrorist!
Thedoorwaspushedopen;whoshouldcomeinbutthewomantheyweretalkingabout.Hesteppedintoacaveandwhatshouldheseebutatigresswithherbabytigers.
注:
此种句型中should表示一种惊讶的语气,并非与事实相反。
注:
此篇为较为完整的虚拟语气以及表假设意义的句型总结。
适合高中以及大学英语学习用。
例句多出自:
章振邦主编《新编英语语法教程》
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