英美文学复习笔记整理.doc
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英美文学复习笔记整理.doc
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英美文学复习笔记整理英国部分
TheRenaissancePeriod
1.Renaissance:
between14thandmid-17thcentury.
2.Renaissancemeansrebirthorrevival,isactuallyamovement
stimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscovery
ofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeography
andastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.
3.theRenaissance,thereforeinessenceisahistoricalperiodin
whichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandScholarsmadeattemptto
getridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalEurope,to
introducenewideasthatexpressedthepurityoftherising
bourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthe
corruptionoftheRomanCatholicchurch.
4.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance
(1)Capableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionof
perfection.
(2)Theyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebytoquestion,explore
andenjoy.
(3)ByemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingandtheImportanceof
thepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonly
havetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife
(4)TomasMore,ChristopherMarlowandWilliamShakespearearethe
bestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanist.
5Metaphysicalpoetry:
Metaphysicalischaracterizedbypassionate
thoughtsuccessionofconcentratedimage,exerciseofelaborate
ingenuityand“wit”,JohnDonewasthefamousoftheMetaphysical
poet.TheMetaphysicalPoetsweremenoflearningandtoshowtheir
learningwastheirendeavour.
EdmundSpencer
Masterpiece:
TheFaerieQueene(allegory)
ChristopherMarlowe
Universitywits
Importantplays:
Tambulaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMetaEdmundII
MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceof
infinitepowersandauthority
(1)Perfectedtheblankverse.
(2)CreationoftheRenaissanceherotoEnglishdrama,itembodies
Marlowe’sidealofhumandignityandcapacity.
Dr.Faustus:
aspiringforknowledge,theplay’sdominantmoralis
humanratherthanreligious,itcelebratesthehumanpassionfor
knowledge,powerandhappiness,italsorevealsman’sfrustration
inrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorderandthe
confinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.
WilliamShakespeare
1.Works:
154sonnets,38plays,2longpoems
Comedy:
MerchantofVenice.
24greattragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth
Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacetheinjusticeofhumanfate
iscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation,eachhero
hashisweaknessofnature.Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,
facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind:
Othello’sinnerweakness
ismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldKingLearwhois
unwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsuffer,from
treacheryandinfidelity;Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphis
ambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrime.
3MerchantofVenice
Inthisplay,Shakespearehascreatedtension:
ambiguity,aself
consciousandself-delightingartificethatisatonce
intellectuallyexistingandemotionallyengaging.The
sophisticationderivesinpartfromtheplaybetweenhigh,
outstandingromanceanddarkfacesofnegatingandhatethe
traditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetween
AntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreat
beauty,witandloyalty,andtoexploreinsuitablegreedand
brutalityoftheJew.
4Hamlet.
Theplayhasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrilleranda
philosophicalexplorationoflifeoflifeanddeath,thetimeless
appealofhismightydramaliesinitscombinationofinjustice,
emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophicmelancholy.Hamletis
obligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact
andfiction,languageandaction.Hislifeisoneoftheconstant
role-playingexaminingthenatureofactingonlytodenyits
possibility.Forsuchafigure,soliloquyisanaturalmedium,a
necessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioning
monologuepossessurpassingpowerandinsight.Byrevealingthe
power-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,the
courteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilty,Shakespeare
condemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralreligious
corruptingattheroyalcount.
FrancisBacon
1Masterpiece:
Essay;NovumOrganum.
2NovumOrganum:
mostimpressivedisplayofBeacon’sintellect.The
argumentisfortheuseofinductivenessofreasoninscientific
study.
3Beaconsuggeststheinductivereasoning,i.e,proceedingfromthe
particulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,
thedeductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltothe
particular.
4Beacon’sessayarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessand
powerfulness.
JohnDone
Metaphysicalpoetry
ThemoststrikingfeatureofDone’spoetryispreciselyitstangof
reality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealrather
thanapoeticalworld..
Donefrequentlyappliesconceits.
JohnMilton
Threemajorpoeticalworks:
Paradiselost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonists
ThefreedomofthewillisthekeytoneofMilton.screed.
ParadiseLost
TheepicisthemasterpieceofJohnMilton
ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtells
howSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,tempsAdam
andEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausesthe
FallofMan.
Satan,intheimageofarebel,stilldeterminestofightback
againstGodwhenheandhisfollowersarecastintotheHell.The
featuresofthecharacterincludehisboldness,unbendingambition
andhisunconquerablewill.Thepoem,asinotherwriting,isfull
ofbiblicalandclassicalallusion,andisinaLatinizedstylewith
onesentencerunningperhapsacrossseverallines.But,themajesty
ofexpressionsuitswellthesublimityofthepoet’sthought.
TheNeoclassicPeriod
1BetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660
andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththe
publicationoflyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798
1.EnlightenmentortheAgeofreason
TheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement
whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholewesternEuropeatthe
time
Itsproposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightof
modernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenmenters
celebratedreasonorrationally,equalityandscience.Theycalled
forareferencetoorder,reasonandrule,yieldplaceto“eternal
truth”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”
Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualisticand
imperfectliteratureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing.
Theybelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork.To
work,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealthconstitutethewhole
meaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbest-formedin
therealisticnovelsofthe18thcentury.
3Inthefieldofliterature,theybelievedthattheartistic
shouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.seek
proportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inan
efforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings..
4Neoclassicism.InEnglishliteratureand,thestylistictrend
betweentheRestorationandtheadventofromanticismatthe
beginningofthe19thcenturyisreferredtoasNeoclassicism.
5Heroic:
Itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.The
formwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucerandwidelyused
subsequently.
JohnBunyan
1.Masterpiece:
Thepilgrim’sprogress
2.The“vanityfair”symbolizeshumanword,forallthatcomth
isvanityEverythingandanythinginthisworldisvanity,havingno
valueandnomeaning.Thevanityfair,a“marketselling
nothingness”ofallsor
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