Pygmalion课文内容分析.ppt
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Pygmalion课文内容分析.ppt
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TableofContentsHistoricalContextTheMythBehindthePlayIntroductionsummaryandanalysisofactiiiThemesStyleHistoricalContextWorldWarIColonialismandtheBritishEmpireIndustrializationTheRiseofWomenandtheWorkingClassesWorldWarIBytheendofWorldWarI(asitcametobeknownlater),8.5millionpeoplehadbeenkilledand21millionwounded,includingsignificantciviliancasualties.Thewarconstitutedthemostintensephysical,economicandpsychologicalassaultonEuropeansocietyinitshistory;BritainwasnotaloneinexperiencingdevastatingeffectsonitsnationalmoraleandotheraspectsofsocietyItisironic.ToShaw,thewaronlydemonstratedmoreclearlytheneedforhumanadvancementonanindividualandsociallevel,toreachalevelofunderstandingthatwouldpreventsuchtragicdevastationColonialismandtheBritishEmpireIn1914GreatBritainwasverymuchstillacolonialpower,butwhilevictoryintheFirstWorldWaractuallyincreasedthesizeoftheBritishEmpire,thewaritselfsimultaneouslyacceleratedthedevelopmentofnationalismandautonomyintheprovinces.InadditiontoprovidingasymbolicunitytotheEmpire,thelongreignofQueenVictoria(18371901)alsogavecoherencetoBritishsocietyathome,throughasetofvaluesknownasVictorians.Victorianvaluesrevolvedaroundsocialhighmindedness(aChristiansenseofcharityandservice),domesticity(mosteducationandentertainmentoccurredinthehome,butchildren,whoshouldbeseenandnotheard,wererearedwithastricthand)andaconfidenceintheexpansionofknowledgeandthepowerofreasonedargumenttochangesociety.BythetimeofVictoriasdeath1914,theyearofPygmalionandtheonsetoftheGreatWar,constitutedamuchdifferentkindofbreak,andsymbolic.IndustrializationThegrowthofindustrializationthroughoutthenineteenthcenturyhadatremendousimpactontheorganizationofBritishsociety,whichhadtraditionofalandedaristocracyandamorehierarchicalclasssystempyramidofdescendingranksanddegrees.Allowingforthegrowthofamerchantmiddleclass,industrializationchangedBritishsocietyintoaplutocracyaristocracyofmoneymorethanland.Socialmobility,however,stilldidnotwidelyextendintothelowerclasses,propagatingalackofopportunityreflectedinLisasanxietyoverwhatistohappentoherfollowingHigginssexperiment.Urbanpovertyremainedamajorsocialproblemaftertheturnofthecentury.Pygmalionsuggeststhesubjectivityofclassidentity,andtherapiddeteriorationofmanypremdustrialsocialstructures,butstrictclassdistinctionsofanotherkindneverthelesspersisted.TheRiseofWomenandtheWorkingClassesDuringthedecadewhichproducedPygalion,thepoliticalpoweroftheworkingclasmsincreasedgreatly,throughmassiveincreasesintradeunionmembership.Anewpoliticalparty,Labour,cameintoexistencein1893,advancinganeighthourworkdayandotherworkplacereforms.Meanwhile,reformstolawsconcerningsuffrage,therighttovote,furtherbroughtmen(andlater,women)oftheworkingclassintoBritainsevermoreparticipatorydemocracy.Onlyaftermanyyearsofpoliticalstragglebyorganizationsofwomenknownassuffragettesdidwomenachievetherighttovote:
firstin1918forwomenover30whoalsometarequirementofpropertyownership,thenextendedin1928toallwomenovertheageof21(aswasalreadythecaseformen).Increasedpoliticalparticipationfurtherpromptedashiftinsexroles:
Britishsocietyhadalreadynotedthephenomenonofthenewwoman,andwastoseefurtherchangessuchasincreasingnumbersofwomenintheworkforce,aswellasreformstodivorcelawsandotherimpactsupondomesticlife.TheMythBehindthePlayAccordingtotheMythologyGuideonline“Pygmalionsawsomuchtoblameinwomenthathecameatlasttoabhorthesex,andresolvedtoliveunmarried.Hewasasculptor,andhadmadewithwonderfulskillastatueofivory,sobeautifulthatnolivingwomancouldbecomparedtoitinbeauty.Itwasindeedtheperfectsem-blanceofamaidenthatseemedtobealive,andonlypreventedfrommovingbymodesty.Hisartwassoperfectthatitconcealeditself,anditsproductlookedliketheworkmanshipofnature.Anne-LouisGirodet-TriosonPygmalionetGalate,1819Pygmalionadmiredhisownwork,andatlastfellinlovewiththecounter-feitcreation.Oftentimeshelaidhishanduponit,asiftoassurehimselfwhetheritwerelivingornot,andcouldnoteventhenbelievethatitwasonlyivory.ThefestivalofVenuswasathand,afestivalcelebratedwithgreatpompatCyprus.Victimswereoffered,thealtarssmoked,andtheodorofincensefilledtheair.WhenPygmalionhadperformedhispartinthesolemnities,hestoodbeforethealtarandtimidlysaid,Yegods,whocandoallthings,giveme,Iprayyou,formywifehedarednotsaymyivoryvirgin,butsaidinsteadonelikemyivoryvirgin.Venus,whowaspresentatthefestival,heardhimBurne-Jones,Edward“PygmalionandtheImageSeries:
TheSoulAttains”1878Whilehestandsastonishedandglad,thoughdoubting,andfearshemaybemistaken,againandagainwithaloversardorhetouchestheobjectofhishopes.Itwasindeedalive!
Theveinswhenpressedyieldedtothefingerandthenresumedtheirroundness.ThenatlastthevotaryofVenusfoundwordstothankthegoddess,andpressedhislipsuponlipsasrealashisown.IntroductionPygmalionisacomedyaboutaphoneticsexpertwho,asakindofsocialexperiment,attemptstomakealadyoutofanuneducatedCockneyflowergirl.AlthoughnotasintellectuallycomplexassomeoftheotherplaysinShaws“theatreofideas,”Pygmalionneverthelessprobesimportantquestionsaboutsocialclass,humanbehavior,andrelationsbetweenthesexes.summaryandanalysisofactiiiThesettingistheflatofMrs.Higgms,Henrysmother.Henryburstsinwithaflurryofexcitement,muchtothedistressofhismother,whofindshimlackinginsocialgraces(sheobservesthatherfriendsstopcomingwhenevertheymeetyou).HenryexplainsthathehasinvitedLisa,takingtheopportunityforanearlytestofhisprogresswithLisasspeech.TheEynsfordHills,guestsofMrs.Higgms,arrive.ThediscussionisawkwardandHenry,truetohismothersobservations,doesappearveryuncomfortableincompany.Lisaarrivesand,whileshespeakswithperfectpronunciationandtone,sheconfusestheguestswithmanyofhertopicsofconversationandpeculiarturnsofphrase.Higginsconvincesthegueststhatthese,includingLisasfamousexclamationnotbloodylikely!
arethelatesttrendinsmalltalk.Afteralltheguests(includingLisaa)haveleft,Mrs.HigginschallengesHenryandPickenngregardingtheirplans;sheisshockedthattheyhavegivennothoughttoLisaswellbeing,foraftertheconclusionoftheexperimentshewillhavenoincome,onlythemannersandhabitsthatdisqualifyafineladyfromearningherownliving.Henryischaracteristicallyflip,statingtheresnogoodbotheringnow.Thethingsdone.PickeringisnomorethoughtfulthanHiggins,andasthetwomenexit,Mrs.Higginsexpressesherexasperation.ThemesClassGentilityandMannersMarriageandProstitutionMythsofCreationLanguageProfessionalismGenderSolidarityorAntagonismClassThesocialhierarchyisanunavoidablerealityinBritain,anditisinterestingtowatchitplayoutintheworkofasocialistplaywright.Shawincludesmembersofallsocialclassesfromthelowest(Liza)totheservantclass(Mrs.Pearce)tothemiddleclass(Doolittleafterhisinheritance)tothegenteelpoor(theEynsfordHills)totheupperclass(PickeringandtheHigginses).Thegeneralsenseisthatclassstructuresarerigidandshouldnotbetamperedwith,sotheexampleofLizasclassmobilityismostshocking.Theissueoflanguageistiedupinclassquiteclosely;thefactthatHigginsisabletoidentifywherepeoplewerebornbytheiraccentsistelling.Britishclassandidentityareverymuchtiedupintheirlandandtheirbirthplace,soitbecomeshardtobesociallymobileifyouraccentmarksyouascomingfromacertainlocation.GentilityandMannersGoodmanners(oranymannersatall)weremostlyassociatedwiththeupperclassatthistime.Shawspositiononmannersissomewhatunclear;asasocialist,onewouldthinkthathewouldhavenotimeforthembecausetheyareamarkerofclassdivisions.Yet,Higginsspatternoftreatingeveryonelikedirt-whilejustasdemocraticasPickeringsoftreatingeveryonelikeadukeorduchess-islesssatisfactorythanPickerings.ItisapoignantmomentattheendofPygmalionwhenLizathanksPickeringforteachinghermannersandpointedlycommentsthatotherwiseshewouldhavehadnowayoflearningthem.MarriageandProstitutionTheseinstitutionsareverymuchrelatedinShawsplays,especiallyinMrs.Warrensprofession.Fromhisunusualstandpointofbeingcommittedtoacelibatemarriage,Shawapparentlyfeelsfreetodenouncemarriageasanexchangeofsexualityformoneysimilartoprostitution(eventhoughthiswasnothappeninginhisownmarriage).Ironically,whileherfatherexpressesnoregretswhenheisledtobelievethatLizawilltakeupthisprofession,itisshewhodenouncesit.Shedeclaresthatshewaslessdegradedasaflower-sellerthanasagenteelladytryingtomakeanappropriatemarriage-becauseasaflower-seller,atleast,shewasntsellingherbody.MythsofCreationOfallShawsplays,PygmalionhasthemostreferencestoGreekandRomanmythology.HigginsrepresentsPygmalion,aGreeksculptorwholivedalonebecausehehatedwomen.Pygmalioncreatedasculptureofaperfectwomanandfellinlovewithit;afterheprayed,Aphroditebroughtittolifeforhim.ThisstatueisnamedGalatea,anditisrepresentedinShawsplaybyLiza.Unlikethemyth,Shawsplaydoesnotendinamarriagebetweenthepair,andLizaisinfuriatedwithHigginsssuggestionthathersuccessishissuccessandthathehasmadeherwhatsheis
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