ComputerSystemsAProgrammer’sPerspectiveThirdEditionwithsolution.pdf
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ComputerSystemsAProgrammer’sPerspectiveThirdEditionwithsolution.pdf
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FortheseGlobalEditions,theeditorialteamatPearsonhascollaboratedwitheducatorsacrosstheworldtoaddressawiderangeofsubjectsandrequirements,equippingstudentswiththebestpossiblelearningtools.ThisGlobalEditionpreservesthecutting-edgeapproachandpedagogyoftheoriginal,butalsofeaturesalterations,customization,andadaptationfromtheNorthAmericanversion.ComputerSystemsAProgrammersPerspectiveBryantOHallaronTHirdEdiTiONGlOBAlEdiTiONThisisaspecialeditionofanestablishedtitlewidelyusedbycollegesanduniversitiesthroughouttheworld.PearsonpublishedthisexclusiveeditionforthebenefitofstudentsoutsidetheUnitedStatesandCanada.ifyoupurchasedthisbookwithintheUnitedStatesorCanada,youshouldbeawarethatithasbeenimportedwithouttheapprovalofthePublisherorAuthor.PearsonGlobalEditionGlOBAlEdiTiONComputerSystemsAProgrammersPerspectiveTHirdEdiTiONRandalE.BryantDavidR.OHallaronGlOBAlEdiTiONBryant_1292101768_mech.indd107/05/153:
22PMComputerSystemsAProgrammersPerspectiveThispageisintentionallyleftblank.ComputerSystemsAProgrammersPerspectivethirdeditionglobaleditionRandalE.BryantCarnegieMellonUniversityDavidR.OHallaronCarnegieMellonUniversityGlobalEditioncontributionsbyManasaS.NMAMInstituteofTechnologyMohitTahilianiNationalInstituteofTechnologyKarnatakaBostonColumbusHobokenIndianapolisNewYorkSanFranciscoAmsterdamCapeTownDubaiLondonMadridMilanMunichParisMontrealTorontoDelhiMexicoCitySaoPauloSydneyHongKongSeoulSingaporeTaipeiTokyoVicePresidentandEditorialDirector:
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PearsonEducationLimited2016TherightsofRandalE.BryantandDavidR.OHallarontobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhavebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.AuthorizedadaptationfromtheUnitedStatesedition,entitledComputerSystems:
AProgrammersPerspective,3rdedition,ISBN978-0-13-409266-9,byRandalE.BryantandDavidR.OHallaronpublishedbyPearsonEducation2016.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisheroralicensepermittingrestrictedcopyingintheUnitedKingdomissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.Alltrademarksusedhereinarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.Theuseofanytrademarkinthistextdoesnotvestintheauthororpublisheranytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementofthisbookbysuchowners.BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary10987654321ISBN10:
1-292-10176-8ISBN13:
978-1-292-10176-7(Print)Typesetin10/12TimesTen,ITCStoneSansbyWindfallSoftwarePrintedinMalaysiaISBN13:
978-1-488-67207-1(PDF)Tothestudentsandinstructorsofthe15-213courseatCarnegieMellonUniversity,forinspiringustodevelopandrefinethematerialforthisbook.MasteringEngineeringForComputerSystems:
AProgrammersPerspective,ThirdEditionMasteringisPearsonsprovenonlineTutorialHomeworkprogram,newlyavailablewiththethirdeditionofComputerSystems:
AProgrammersPerspective.TheMasteringplatformallowsyoutointegratedynamichomeworkwithmanyproblemstakendirectlyfromtheBryant/OHallarontextbookwithautomaticgrading.Masteringallowsyoutoeasilytracktheperformanceofyourentireclassonanassignment-by-assignmentbasis,orviewthedetailedworkofanindividualstudent.Formoreinformationorademonstrationofthecourse,visitwww.MasteringEContentsPreface19AbouttheAuthors351ATourofComputerSystems371.1InformationIsBits+Context391.2ProgramsAreTranslatedbyOtherProgramsintoDifferentForms401.3ItPaystoUnderstandHowCompilationSystemsWork421.4ProcessorsReadandInterpretInstructionsStoredinMemory431.4.1HardwareOrganizationofaSystem441.4.2RunningthehelloProgram461.5CachesMatter471.6StorageDevicesFormaHierarchy501.7TheOperatingSystemManagestheHardware501.7.1Processes511.7.2Threads531.7.3VirtualMemory541.7.4Files551.8SystemsCommunicatewithOtherSystemsUsingNetworks551.9ImportantThemes581.9.1AmdahlsLaw581.9.2ConcurrencyandParallelism601.9.3TheImportanceofAbstractionsinComputerSystems621.10Summary63BibliographicNotes64SolutionstoPracticeProblems64PartIProgramStructureandExecution2RepresentingandManipulatingInformation672.1InformationStorage702.1.1HexadecimalNotation722.1.2DataSizes7578Contents2.1.3AddressingandByteOrdering782.1.4RepresentingStrings852.1.5RepresentingCode852.1.6IntroductiontoBooleanAlgebra862.1.7Bit-LevelOperationsinC902.1.8LogicalOperationsinC922.1.9ShiftOperationsinC932.2IntegerRepresentations952.2.1IntegralDataTypes962.2.2UnsignedEncodings982.2.3Twos-ComplementEncodings1002.2.4ConversionsbetweenSignedandUnsigned1062.2.5SignedversusUnsignedinC1102.2.6ExpandingtheBitRepresentationofaNumber1122.2.7TruncatingNumbers1172.2.8AdviceonSignedversusUnsigned1192.3IntegerArithmetic1202.3.1UnsignedAddition1202.3.2Twos-ComplementAddition1262.3.3Twos-ComplementNegation1312.3.4UnsignedMultiplication1322.3.5Twos-ComplementMultiplication1332.3.6MultiplyingbyConstants1372.3.7DividingbyPowersof21392.3.8FinalThoughtsonIntegerArithmetic1432.4FloatingPoint1442.4.1FractionalBinaryNumbers1452.4.2IEEEFloating-PointRepresentation1482.4.3ExampleNumbers1512.4.4Rounding1562.4.5Floating-PointOperations1582.4.6FloatingPointinC1602.5Summary162BibliographicNotes163HomeworkProblems164SolutionstoPracticeProblems1793Machine-LevelRepresentationofPrograms1993.1AHistoricalPerspective202Contents93.2ProgramEncodings2053.2.1Machine-LevelCode2063.2.2CodeExamples2083.2.3NotesonFormatting2113.3DataFormats2133.4AccessingInformation2153.4.1OperandSpecifiers2163.4.2DataMovementInstructions2183.4.3DataMovementExample2223.4.4PushingandPoppingStackData2253.5ArithmeticandLogicalOperations2273.5.1LoadEffectiveAddress2273.5.2UnaryandBinaryOperations2303.5.3ShiftOperations2303.5.4Discussion2323.5.5SpecialArithmeticOperations2333.6Control2363.6.1ConditionCodes2373.6.2AccessingtheConditionCodes2383.6.3JumpInstructions2413.6.4JumpInstructionEncodings2433.6.5ImplementingConditionalBrancheswithConditionalControl2453.6.6ImplementingConditionalBrancheswithConditionalMoves2503.6.7Loops2563.6.8SwitchStatements2683.7Procedures2743.7.1TheRun-TimeStack2753.7.2ControlTransfer2773.7.3DataTransfer2813.7.4LocalStorageontheStack2843.7.5LocalStorageinRegisters2873.7.6RecursiveProcedures2893.8ArrayAllocationandAccess2913.8.1BasicPrinciples2913.8.2PointerArithmetic2933.8.3NestedArrays2943.8.4Fixed-SizeArrays2963.8.5Variable-SizeArrays29810Contents3.9HeterogeneousDataStructures3013.9.1Structures3013.9.2Unions3053.9.3DataAlignment3093.10CombiningControlandDatainMachine-LevelPrograms3123.10.1UnderstandingPointers3133.10.2LifeintheRealWorld:
UsingthegdbDebugger3153.10.3Out-of-BoundsMemoryReferencesandBufferOverflow3153.10.4ThwartingBufferOverflowAttacks3203.10.5SupportingVariable-SizeStackFrames3263.11Floating-PointCode3293.11.1Floating-PointMovementandConversionOperations3323.11.2Floating-PointCodeinProcedures3373.11.3Floating-PointArithmeticOperations3383.11.4DefiningandUsingFloating-PointConstants3403.11.5UsingBitwiseOperationsinFloating-PointCode3413.11.6Floating-PointComparisonOperations3423.11.7ObservationsaboutFloating-PointCode3453.12Summary345BibliographicNotes346HomeworkProblems347SolutionstoPracticeProblems3614ProcessorArchitecture3874.1TheY86-64InstructionSetArchitecture3914.1.1Programmer-VisibleState3914.1.2Y86-64Instructions3924.1.3InstructionEncoding3944.1.4Y86-64Exceptions3994.1.5Y86-64Programs4004.1.6SomeY86-64InstructionDetails4064.2LogicDesignandtheHardwareControlLanguageHCL4084.2.1LogicGates4094.2.2CombinationalCircuitsandHCLBooleanExpressions4104.2.3Word-LevelCombinationalCircuitsandHCLIntegerExpressions4124.2.4SetMembership4164.2.5MemoryandClocking4174.3SequentialY86-64Implementations4204.3.1OrganizingProcessingintoStages420Contents114.3.2SEQHardwareStructure4324.3.3SEQTiming4364.3.4SEQStageImplementations4404.4GeneralPrinciplesofPipelining4484.4.1ComputationalPipelines4484.4.2ADetailedLookatPipelineOperation4504.4.3LimitationsofPipelining4524.4.4PipeliningaSystemwithFeedback4554.5PipelinedY86-64Implementations4574.5.1SEQ+:
RearrangingtheComputationStages4574.5.2InsertingPipelineRegisters4584.5.3RearrangingandRelabelingSignals4624.5.4NextPCPrediction4634.5.5
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