20230312143155.ppt
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20230312143155.ppt
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Lecture3Deixis,Canwedeterminethemeaningofthefollowingsentencesintruth-conditionalsemantics?
Whatsthedifference?
1)Knowledgeispower.2)Heismyfather.3)Thebankistwohundredyardsawayfromtherailwaystation.4)Itis200metersaway.,Mainpoints,DeixisasacomponentofpragmaticstudyClassification:
persondeixis,placedexis,timedexis,discoursedexis,andsocialdexis.DeicticcenteranddeicticprojectionDifferentusesofdecticexpressions,1.Dexisasapartofpragmatics,Thesinglemostobviouswayinwhichtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcontextisreflectedinthestructuresoflanguagesthemselves,isthroughthephenomenonofdexis(Levinson1983)ThetermisborrowedfromtheGreekwordfor“pointing”or“indicating”.Anylinguisticformusedtoaccomplishthis“pointing”iscalledadeicticexpression,whichisalsocalledanindexical.,Dexiscoverstheuseofdemonstrative,firstandsecondpersonpronouns,tense,specifictimeandplaceadverbslikenow,then,here,andthere,and,avarietyofothergrammaticalfeaturesaretieddirectlytothecircumstancesofutterance.,examples,1)SheisthemotherofNapoleon.2)Iwasoutyesterday.3)Maryisinlovewiththatfellowoverthere.4)Ibetyouhaventheardthisstory.5)Goodmorning,sir.,Essentially,deixisconcernsthewaysinwhichlanguageencodeorgrammaticalizefeaturesofthecontextofutteranceorspeechevent,andthusalsoconcernswaysinwhichtheinterpretationofutterancesdependsontheanalysisofthatcontextofutterance.,Thedefinitionofdeixis,Dexisisalsocalled“deicticexpressions”or“deictics.”Deixisisreferencebymeansofanexpressionwhoseinterpretationisrelativetothe(usually)extralinguisticcontextoftheutterance,suchaswhoisspeakingthetimeorplaceofspeakingthegesturesofthespeaker,orthecurrentlocationinthediscourse.,Lyons(1977,637)describeDEIXISas:
thelocationandidentificationofpersons,objects,processesandactivitiesbeingtalkedaboutorreferredto,inrelationtothespatiotemporalcontextcreatedandsustainedbytheactofutteranceandtheparticipationinit.Examples:
pronouns,demonstratives,timeandplaceadverbs,andsomegrammaticalcategoriessuchastense.,Adeicticexpressionisusedtoindicatesomethingintheimmediatecontext.Soadeicticexpressionencodesinformationincontext(Yule,1996).Deicticsareexpressionswhoseinterpretationsmakeessentialreferencetocertainaspectsoftheircontextsofutterance,includingtheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventandtheirspatio-temporalandsociallocation.Toputitsimply,thoseexpressionswhosemeaningcannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutreferencetothecontextinwhichtheyareuttered,orwhosereferencesdependcriticallyonthecontextinwhichtheyareuttered(Levinson,1983),Dexisreferstocertainaspectsoftheircontextsofutterance,includingtheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventandtheirspatio-temporalandsociallocation.(HeZiran)Johnlovesme.(speaker)Typicalexamplesofdeixis:
pronouns,demonstratives,someverbsofmotion,someadverbsofphrasesofplaceandtime,discourseconnectorsandallkindsoflinguisticdevicescontainingvariouskindsofsocialinformation.,Deixisbelongswithinthedomainofpragmatics,becauseitdirectlyconcernstherelationshipbetweenthestructureoflanguagesandthecontextinwhichtheyareused.themeaningofdeicticexpressionscannotbecapturedbytruth-conditionalsemantics.Yourestandingonmytoe.(speaker,hearer,timeofutterance),Deicticinformationisimportantfortheinterpretationofutterances:
Givemethatumbrellaandkeepthisoneforyourself.Illbebackintwohours.Meetmehereatnoontomorrownowwithastickaboutthisbig.Sentencescontainingdeicticscannotfunctionincommunicationwithoutdeicticinformation.,2.Classification,Traditionalcategories:
person(人称),place(地点),andtime(时间).Fillmore(1975):
discoursedeixis(篇章指示)andsocialdeixis(社交指示).,2.1persondeixis,Persondeixisconcernstheencodingoftheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventinwhichtheutteranceinquestionisdelivered:
thecategoryfirstpersonisthegrammaticalizationforthespeakersreferencetohimself,secondpersontheencodingofreferencetooneormoreaddressees,andthirdpersontheencodingofreferencetopersonsandentitieswhichareneitherspeakersnoraddresseesoftheutteranceinquestion.Familiarwaysinwhichsuchparticipant-rolesareencodedinlanguageareofcoursethepronounsandtheirassociatedpredicateagreements.,Persondeixis:
participantroles:
1stperson:
thespeaker:
I,we,me2ndperson:
thehearer:
you,your3rdperson:
thirdparty(neitherthespeakernorthehearer):
she,he,him,his,her,they,them,theirnominative(主格),objective(宾格),possessive(所有格),vocative(呼语),Ifwewereproducingacomponentialanalysisofpronominalsystems,thefeaturesthatweseemtoneedfortheknownsystemswouldcruciallyinclude:
forfirstperson,speakerinclusion(+S);forsecondperson,addresseeinclusion(+A);andforthirdperson,speakerandaddresseeexclusion(-S,-A).Itisimportanttonotethatthirdpersonisquiteunlikefirstandsecondperson,inthatitdoesnotcorrespondtoanyspecificparticipant-roleinthespeechevent.,Whatinformationcanyouget?
Iwantyoutotellhimtocometoseemethisafternoon.Allofyoushouldgotothelecturetomorrow.Weareflatteredbyyourhospitality.Bringthemheretomorrow.,1)Firstpersondeixis:
Therearetwofirstperson“plural”pronouns,correspondingto“we-inclusive-of-addressee”and“we-exclusive-of-addressee”:
Wecandothis!
letsvs.letus1)Letsgotothecinema.2)Letushelpyou.weassingular“I”Aftercarefulexamination,wecametotheconclusionthat,AccordingtoTheContemporaryEnglishGrammareditedbyQuirket.alin1973,insomecolloquialism(口语体),“lets”canbeusedassingular,similarto“letme”.forexample:
Letsgiveyouahand.(Letmegiveyouahand.),InChinese,itiscommontousefirstpersonpluralstorefertosigulars:
(1)经过观察和分析,我们认为
(2)本文只对乔姆斯基的转换生成语法作一概述,有关它的近期发展我们准备另文介绍。
(3)咱们(我)是个计算机盲,不会拨弄那玩意儿。
SecondpersondexisSometimes,firstpersonpronounscanbeusedtoexpressthemeaningofsecondpersonpro.1.Weshouldnotdoit,Tom.2.Youshouldnotdoit,Tom.Style:
intimateInChinese?
1)我相信,我们(你们)每个青年同志一定不会辜负党和国家对我们(你们)的期望。
(2)你要记住,我们(你)是学生,我们(你)的主要任务是学习。
Switchofroles,Whentheroleofspeakerchangestotheroleofhearer/addressee,thepronounshouldalsochangefromthefirstintothesecond:
A:
Cometodinnertonight,John.B:
WhatshouldIbring.C:
Justbringyourself.,HumoroususeofPersonDeixis,Billdidntwanttogotoschool,sohecalledhisteacherposingashisfather.Bill:
LittleBillisnotfeelingwelltoday;heneedstoaskleavefortheday.Teacher:
TowhomamIspeaking?
Bill:
Itsmyfatherofcourse.,BplaysatelephoneprankonA,right?
A:
answersHello,thisisDr.Evans.A:
afteralongpauseWhoisthis?
B:
YoujustsaidthisisDr.Evans.A:
Imean.Whoareyou?
B:
You?
YouareDr.Evansofcourse!
A:
TowhomamIspeaking?
B:
Imonlyspeakingtoyou.A:
Thatsnottrue;Thepolicearealsolisteningthistime!
2.2Place/SpatialDeixis,Placedeixisconcernstheencodingofspatiallocationsrelativetothelocationoftheparticipantsinthespeechevent.Locativeadverbsanddemonstratives:
here,there,this,that,these,those.Motionverbs:
come,go,take,bring.Proximal(closetothespeaker)anddistal(awayfromthespeaker),speakers,come,go,here,there,this,that,bring,take,Proximal:
this,these,here,come,bringDistal:
that,those,there,go,takeE.g.Takethatcharcoalwithyouandgoout.Bringthatcharcoalwithyouandcomeout.,Trytofigureoutwhichonesarespacedeictics:
1)Thehotelistwohundredyardsfromthecathedral.2)Kabulliesatlatitude34degrees,longitude70degrees.3)Itstwohundredyardsaway.4)Kabulisfourhundredmileswestofhere.,Humoroususeofplacedeixis,A)(Teacherandstudentintheclassroom)Teacher:
Martha,whereisMexico?
Martha:
Mexicoisonpage17.B)(TwofriendsonBus92)A:
WhereshouldIgetofftogotothemuseum?
B:
ImgettingoffatCentralPark.Getoffbeforethat.,2.3time/temporaldeixis,thetimeoftheactionoreventreferredtowhichisrelativetothetimeofutterance.Grammaticalforms:
1)temporaladverbs:
now(thegivenspanoftimeincludingthetimeofutterance);then(notnow,allowingitsuseinbothpastandfuture);soon;recently;today;yesterday2)verbalcategoriesoftense:
present,past,future,Thecarcrashedintothecyclist.Daddywillbehomesoon.3)deicticmodifierstogetherwiththeexpressionoftimeunit:
this,last,nextcentury,decade,year,month,week,Monday,August4)prepositionalphrasesandadverbialphrasesoftime,“withinaweek”,“inawhile”,“threedaysago”5)Socialformulas:
“Goodmorning”,“MerryChristmas”,Calendricvs.non-calendricusesoftime,Fixedor“absolute”time,canbefoundinthecalendar.Non-deicticRelativetime,makingreferencetoparticipantrole.1)IlivedinBeijingfrom1998to2003.2)IlivedinBeijingtenyearsago.,Codingtimevs.receivingtime,Codingtime(CT):
momentofutterance(orinscription).Receivingtime(RT):
momentofreception.Inregularsituationofface-to-facecommunicationCTandRTcanbeidentical.Theyaredifferentinletterwriting,orthepre-recordingofmediaprograms.,Codingtime(CT):
1)Thisprogramisbeingrecordedtoday,Wednesday,April1st,toberelayednextThursday.2)Iwritethisletterwhilechewingpeyote.Receivingtime(RT):
1)ThisprogramwasrecordedlastWednesday,April1st,toberelayedtoday.2)Iwrotethisletterwhilechewingpeyote.,Proximalvs.distal,Proximal:
nowDistal:
thenProximal:
presenttensesDistal:
pasttensesAlso,weusedistaltemporalforconditions:
IfIwasrich.IfIwasntsobusy.,1)Yougotoseeyourfriendathishouseandfindanote:
“Outforthreedays.”2)Onemorningyoufindasignthatsays:
Butdontknowwhenthesignwasposted.,Discourse/textualdeixis,theuseofexpressionsinsomeutterancesinreferencetoacertainp
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