大学英语语法14宾语从句和同位语从句.ppt
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大学英语语法14宾语从句和同位语从句.ppt
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CollegeEnglishGrammar:
GrammarandWriting,ByZhuXiangjun,Unit14,ObjectclauseandappositiveclausesGrammar:
1)Objectclause2)AppositiveclausesWriting:
Correcting:
MixedConstructionRewriting:
Varietyinsentencelength,1.ObjectclausesWhenanounclausefunctionsasanobject,itiscalledanobjectclause.Objectclausesusuallybeginwithsubordinatingwordslikehow,why,what,where,when,who,which,whose,whether,if,that,etc.Nocommaisneededwhentheobjectclausesareusedinthecomplexsentences.Whywashewantedbythepolice?
Danielwonderedthereason.Danielwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice.Hasanydecisionbeenmade?
Doyouknowthequestion?
Doyouknowwhether/ifanydecisionhasbeenmade?
Heishonest.Noonedoubtsit.Noonedoubtsthatheishonest.,Nounclausesthatfunctionasobjectsofprepositionsarenamedobjectclausestoo.Canwesucceed?
Thequestiondependsonthis.Howwelldowecooperate?
WhetherwecansucceeddependsonhowwellwecooperateShewalkeduptotheplace.Istoodattheplace.ShewalkeduptowhereIstood.,1.Aslongasthemainclausesverbisinneitherthepastnorthepastperfecttense,theverbofthesubordinateclausecanbeinanytensethatconveysmeaningaccurately.Bothofthemwillknowthattheyhavemadearightchoice.TheteachertellsuswhenwewillpayavisittoMr.Jackson.2.Ifthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect,thenverbsinthesubordinateclausemustalsoexpressapastviewpoint.SheaskedmewhereIwasoffto.IwonderedhowhecouldmakesuchrapidprogressinhisstudyofFrench.,3.Ifthesubordinateclauseexpresseswhatiscommonlyknownasageneraltruthorfact,simplepresenttenseisusedeventhoughthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect:
Columbussomehowknewthattheworldisround.Theteachertoldthestudentswhythecomputerisawonderfulmachine.4.Ifthereisaspecificpasttimeintheclause,pasttenseisusedeventhoughtheactionoftheobjectclauseoccursbeforetheactionofthemainclause.ShetoldherstudentsthattheEnglishChannelwasofficiallyopenedonMarch7,1994.NooneknowshowtheHousesofParliamentwasburneddownin1834.,IneverydayEnglish,especiallyspokenEnglish,thewordthatisusuallyomitted.But,thesubordinatingwordthatcannotbeomittedinthefollowingcases:
1)whentherearetwoormoreobjectclause;Hesaidthathecouldnttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldntunderstand.2)whenthereisaparenthesisbetweenthepredicateverbofthemainclauseandtheobjectclause;JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.,3)whenthat-clauseisdirectobjectofdoubleobjects;ImustnevertellanyonethatIcouldnotseethecloth.4)whenthereisalogicobject“it”beforetherealobject.Wethinkitimportantthatweapplythetheoryintopractice.Inaddition,whetherandifcanreplaceeachotherinobjectclauses,butifcannotbeusedwhenitgoesafteraprepositionorwhenitgotogetherwiththephrase“ornot”Hewantstolearnaboutwhetherthemeetinghasbeencancelled.Pleaseletusknowwhetheryoufindthetermsacceptableornot.,2.AppositiveclausesDifferentfromtheappositives,theappositiveclausesarenotseparatedbyacomma.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinion.Theopinionisthis.Allmatterconsistsofatoms.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinionthatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Noonecansettlethequestion.Thequestionisthis.Shouldthenewrulebeadopted?
Noonecansettlethequestionwhetherthenewruleshouldbeadopted.,Appositiveclausesareusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthewordstheymodify.But,ifthemainclauseisshort,theappositiveclauseofthesubjectcanbeplacedattheendofthesentenceaswell.Maybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Thethoughtcametohim.Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Napoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.Thewordcameseveralyearslater.Severalyearslater,thewordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.,Ingrammar,thesubordinatingwordsthatintroduceappositiveclausesplaynoroleintheclauseswhereastherelativepronounsthatintroduceadjectiveclausesplayrolesintheclauses.TheywereallshockedatthenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.(anappositiveclause,thatplaysnoroleintheclause)Theywereallshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.(anadjectiveclause,thatplaystheroleofsubjectoftheclause),Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneobjectclauseorappositiveclause.,1.Howsoonaretheycoming?
Ihavenoidea.Ihavenoideahowsoontheyarecoming.2.Ourteamhadwon.Weheardthenews.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.3.YoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedaysTheideaisjustwrong.TheideathatyoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedaysisjustwrong.,Oneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.Noonecouldaccountforthefact.Noonecouldaccountforthefactthatoneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.5.Expertsconfirmedthis.Apumaiscornered.Itwillattackahumanbeing.Expertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.6.Thewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers.Samwassureofthat.Itwasnoreturnedtohim.Samwassurethatthewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers,butitwasnoreturnedtohim.7.Irangthebell.Iwasnotsurprisedtoseethis.Mr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.IrangthebellandwasnotsurprisedtoseethatMr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.,MixedConstruction,Sometimeswestarttosaysomethinginoneway,butinthemiddleofourstatement,wemakeachangetosayitinanotherway.Asentencethatstartswithonegrammaticalformandendswithanotheriscalledamixedconstruction.Theimproperlymixedformsresultinconfusion.Someofthestudentsweretrappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Someofthestudents(whowere)trappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Therearesomanypeoplehaventhousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewhohaventhousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewithouthousesaftertheearthquake.Somanypeoplehaventhousesaftertheearthquake.,Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingmixedconstructions.1.Imperativesentence+is+thebestway.Dontinterferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.Nottointerferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.Keepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.Tokeepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.Tocorrecttheproblem,youcanturntheimperativesentenceintoaninfinitivephrase.,2.There+be+needed/demanded+nounEvenamongtheclosestfriends,thereisalsoneededprivacy.Evenamongtheclosestfriends,privacyisalsoneeded.Therearedemandedlargefeestocompletetheresearchwork.Largefeesaredemandedtocompletetheresearchwork.Youcancorrecttheproblembydeletingthe“there”andplacingthenounbeforetheverb“be”asasubject.,3.Thereason+is+becauseTheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisbecauseIwantachancetobettermyself.TheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisthatIwantachancetobettermyself.Anotherprimaryreasonisbecausethereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.Anotherprimaryreasonisthatthereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.Thoughcommoninspeech,thereasonisbecauseisbothungrammaticalandredundant.Themixedconstructionlikethisiseasytocorrect.Leavetheword“because”outandreplaceitwiththeword“that”.,Correctthefollowingmixedconstruction.,Dontstayuptoolateisagoodlivinghabit.Themomentyouleavethisroomwillgetabigsurprise.Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetreewillhavebadluck.Thereasonforhissuccessisbecausehealwaysworkssohard.Thereisneededthatkindofcapacitytocopewiththeproblem.Thoughshehesitatedforamomentatthedoorandfinallywentin.Maybedontrespecttofriendsdoesntmattertoomuch.Awomanwasinjeansstoodatthewindowofanexpensiveshop.Iftwomenwhoseinterestsarethesame,theycanmakegoodfriends.Inordertokeepcloserelationshipbetweenfriendsistopayrespecttoeachother.,Keys:
1.DontstayupNottostayup2.,youwillgetabigsurprise.3.heorshewillhavebadluck4.becausethat5.Thatkindofcapacityisneededtocopewiththeproblem.6.andfinallywentin,shefinallywentin7.MaybedontrespectMaybenottorespect8.Awomanwasinjeans9.IftwomenwhoseinterestsarethesameIftheinterestsoftwomenarethesame10.istopay,peopleshouldpay,Assignment:
Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson10,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)Titanicwasagreatship.OnApril10th,1912,itsailedforNewYorkfromSouthampton.1,316passengersand891crewwereontheship.Ithad46,000ton.Evenbymodernstandard,itwasahugeone.Peoplehadbuiltmanyships.Titanicwasthelargestshipatthattime.Theythoughtitunsinkable.Shehadsixteenwatertightcompartments.Twoofthesewerefilledwithwater.Itcouldstillfloat.Peoplewillalwaysremembertheterriblesinkingofthegreatship.Itsankonitsfirstvoyage.Lifelostheavily.,Itsetout.Ontheforthday,theTitanicwassailingacrosstheicywatersoftheNorthAtlantic.Alookoutsuddenlydiscoveredagreaticeberg.Hegaveanalarmimmediately.Theshipturnedsharply.Ithopedtoavoidcollidingwiththeicebergfacetoface.Itturnedintime.Itnarrowlymissedthegreatwallofice.Thewallwasmorethan100feetabovethesea.Suddenly,peoplehea
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