大学英语语法10动名词短语.ppt
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大学英语语法10动名词短语.ppt
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CollegeEnglishGrammar:
GrammarandWriting,ByZhuXiangjun,Unit10,Phrases:
GerundPhrasesandAbsolutePhrasesGrammar:
1.GerundPhrases2.AbsolutePhrasesWriting:
Correcting:
MissingCommaswithNonessentialElementsRewriting:
Intra-sentencecoherence,I.GerundPhrases,Bothagerundandapresentparticipleendiningbuttheyfunctionasdifferentpartsofspeech.Agerundisusedasanoun,whereasapresentparticipleisusedasanadjectiveoranadverb.I.1.FormandfunctionAgerundphraseincludesthegerundandtheobjectofthegerundoranymodifiersrelatedtothegerund.Likeagerund,itisusedasanounassubject,predictive,object,objectofapreposition,orappositive.1)asanountobesubjectYoumustknowyourenemy.Thatisthebestdefense.Knowingyourenemyisthebestdefense.,2)asanountobepredictiveHefinisheshissupper.Hetakesashortwalk.Thatishishabit.Inthishabit,hekeepshealthy.Hishabittokeephealthyistakingashortwalkaftersupper.3)asanountobeappositiveHisdreamisfindinglosttreasure.Hisdreamalmostcametruerecently.Hisdream,findinglosttreasure,almostcametruerecently.,4)asanountobeobjectItravelinthecountry.Ilovethat.Ilosemyway.Idontlikethat.Ilovetravelinginthecountry,butIdontlikelosingmyway.5)asanountobeobjectofaprepositionTheywantedtotraveltoforeigncountry.Theyhavemadepreparationforit.Theyhavemadepreparationfortravelingtoaforeigncountry.,I.2.PositionandpunctuationGerundphrasescaneitherholdthesubjectpositionorthedirectobjectposition.Agerundnearlyneverrequiresanypunctuationwithitexceptitsfunctionasappositive.Whenagerundphraseisusedasanappositive,weuseacommatosetitofffromtheworditmodifies.Beggarssellthemselvesashumanbeings.Suchbehaviorarousesthepityofpassers-by.Beggarsbehavior,sellingthemselvesashumanbeings,arousesthepityofpassers-by.Shemadearequest.Shewantedtosendforadoctoratonce.Shemadearequest,sendingforadoctoratonce.,Notes:
1)Thedifferenceisthatagerundphrasewillalwaysfunctionasanounwhileapresentparticiplephrasefunctionsasanadjectiveoranadverbtomodifiesanotherwordinthesentence.Eatingquietly,theyseemlyenjoyedwhattheyareserved.(Aparticipialphraseasanadjectivemodifies“they”)Eatingquietlycanbedifficultforchildren.(Agerundphraseasanounfunctionsasasubject.),2)Bothgerundsandinfinitivescanbeusedasthesubjectorthecomplementofasentence.However,gerundssoundmorenaturalandwouldbemorecommonineverydayEnglish.Ifyouarenotsurewhetheryoushouldusegerundorinfinitive,justrememberthat90%ofthetime,youwilluseagerundasthesubjectorcomplementofasentence.Livingahappylifeiseveryonesdeepestdesire.(normalsubject,morenatural)Toliveahappylifeiseveryonesdeepestdesire.(abstractsubject,lesscommon)3)Whentheactionhappenedinthepast,agerundisusuallyused.Shehashadquickthinking.Thatsavedusallalotoftrouble.Herquickthinkingsavedusallalotoftrouble.,4)Thefollowingisalistofverbsthatcanhavegerundobjects,butnotinfinitivesadmit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,defend,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,getthrough,giveup,goon,canthelp,imagine,involve,keep(on),wouldlike(him),mention,(not)mind,miss,postpone,practice,putoff,quit,recall,recollect,recommend,report,resent,resist,resume,risk,(cant)see,stop,suggest,takeup,tolerate,understand,Exercises:
Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastonegerundphrase.,1.InashorttimeIwasbusy.Imixedbutterandflour.InashorttimeIwasbusymixingbutterandflour.2.Ipretended.IhadnotseenhimItwasnouse.ItwasnousepretendingthatIhadnotseenhim.3.Theydontcatchfish.Theycatcholdboots.Theycatchrubbish.Insteadofcatchingfish,theycatcholdbootsandrubbish.,4.Thewomansimplytooktheparcel.Shewalkedoutoftheshop.Shedidntpay.Thewomansimplytooktheparcelandwalkedoutoftheshopwithoutpaying.5.Hewantedtofollowmearoundallmorning.Ihadtothinkofaway.BythewayIcanpreventhimfromthat.Ihadtothinkofawayofpreventinghimfromfollowingmearoundallmorning.6.Itriedtowakeupmywife.Irangthedoorbell.Shewasfastasleep.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep.,II.AbsolutePhrases,II.1.FormAnabsolutephraseconsistsofanounorapronounasasubjectthatismodifiedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrase.Itlookslikeacompletesentencebutactsasanadverbial.Itcontainsasubject,butnotapredicateverb.Althoughitstatesacompletethought,itcannotstandbyitselfasitspredicateverbisreplacedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrases.Noun+participlephrase=anabsolutephrase,asentenceanabsolutephrase,Wearewaitinginline.Thestudentsheldameeting.Therulerwasbroken.Thetrainwascrowded.Theclimateismild.Thesoilisrichinnutrients.,wewaitinginlinethestudentsholdingameetingtherulerbrokenthetraincrowdedtheclimate(being)mildthesoil(being)richinnutrients,Thepoormanlaythere.Hishandsweretrembling.Thepoormanlaythere,hishandstrembling.Thejobhasnotfinished.Wecouldntseethefilm.Thejobnotfinished,wecouldntseethefilm.Nobodywasathome.Thethieftookalotofthingsaway.Nobody(being)athome,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.,II.2.FunctionAnabsolutephrasefunctionsasanadverb,indicatingmanner,time,place,cause,condition,ordegree.Itmodifiesthewholesentenceratherthanaparticularword.Allabsolutephrasescanbeturnedintocorrespondentadverbialclauses.Thewingsweredamagedbythestorm.Theaircraftcrashed.Itswingsdamagedbythestorm,theaircraftcrashed.(Or:
Becauseitswingsweredamagedbythestorm,theaircraftcrashed.)Theweatherpermits.Wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.Weatherpermitting,wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.(Or:
Iftheweatherpermits,wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.),II.3.PositionandpunctuationAsanabsolutephraseactsasanadverb,itspositioninasentenceisveryflexible.Assentenceopenerorsubject-verbsplit,anabsolutephraseusuallyexpressescause,time,condition,orpurpose.Assentencecloser,itshowseffectoraddsmoredetailorfocustotheideaofthemainclause,particularlywhentheabsolutereferstoaneventthatoccurslaterthantheeventinthemainclause.Anabsoluteisalwaystreatedasparentheticalelementandissetofffromtherestofthesentencewithacommaorapairofcommas(sometimesbyadashorpairofdashes).,Thedarkcloudshavedispersed.Thesunshoneagain.Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.Thepeopleslivelihoodissecure.Thepeoplenowhavetheleisure.Theycantakeupsports.Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident.Manyofthemwerechildren.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.,Exercises:
Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneabsolutephrase.,1.Thesoilisrichinnutrients.Everythinggrowsquickly.(Asthesoilisrichinnutrients,everythinggrowsquickly.)Thesoil(being)richinnutrient,everythinggrowsquickly.2.Thestudentshaddonewellontheexamination.Theteachergavethemlesshomework.(Asthestudentsdidwell,theteachergavethemlesshomework.)Thestudentshavingdonewellontheexamination,theteachergavethemlesshomework.3.Thehourwasverylate.Wewenthome.(Forthehourwasverylate,wewenthome.)Thehourhavingbeenverylate,wewenthome.,4.Theboyledtheway.Wehadnotrouble.Wefoundthecave.Thecavewasstrange.Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.5.Hediedin1892.Peopleconsideredhisdeathasacalamity.Thecalamitywasnational.Hediedin1892,hisdeathbeingconsideredasanationalcalamity.6.Myshoeswereremoved.Ienteredaroom.Theceilingoftheroomwaslow.Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalow-ceilingedroom.7.Helayatfulllength.Hewasuponhisstomach.HisheadresteduponhisleftforearmHelayatfulllengthuponhisstomach,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.,MissingCommaswithNonessentialElements,Nonessentialelementsarewordsorphrasesorclausesthatmayberemovedfromasentencewithoutchangingthemeaningofthatsentence.Anonessentialelementshouldbesetoffwithcommasfromtherestpartofthesentence.1.Withnonessentialparticiples,infinitives,andtheirphrasesWhentheparticiple,infinitive,ortheirphrasesisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,weseparateitfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.Totellthetruthweneverdoubtthatheishonest.Totellthetruth,weneverdoubtthatheishonest.Simonabsorbedinhisbookneglectedfoodandsleep.Simon,absorbedinhisbook,neglectedfoodandsleep.,2.WithnonessentialadjectiveclausesIfanadjectiveclauseisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,wesetitofffromthemainclausewithcommas.Thepresidentwhospokefirstsatjustinfrontofme.Thepresident,whospokefirst,satjustinfrontofme.ThetrainIusuallycatchisaslowtrain.Thetrain,Iusuallycatch,isaslowtrain.,3.WithnonessentialappositivesAnappositiveisanounorpronounthatrenamesanothernounorpronoun.Itisplaceddirectlyafterthenounorpronounitidentifies.Iftheappositiveisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,wesetitapartfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.Compare:
GeorgeEliot,ourneighbor,isacaptainofanaircraftcarrier.(nonessential)OurcaptainGeorgeEliotisacaptainofanaircraftcarrier(essential)HamletagreatplayinEnglishwaswrittenbyShakespeare.Hamlet,agreatplayinEnglish,waswrittenbyShakespeare.ThomasJeffersonthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStatesmaybelessfa
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